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1、1、DDL(DataDefinitionLanguage)Commandcreate,alter,dropobjects;grant,revokeprivilegesandroles;establishingauditingoptions;addcommentstothedatadictionary;BeforeandaftereachDDLstatement,Oracleimplicitlycommitthecurrenttransactions.2、DML(DataManipulationLan
2、guage)CommandQueryandModifydatawithinexistingschemaobjects;DMLstatementsconsistofDELETE,INSERT,SELECTandUPDATEstatements;EXPLAINPLANstatements;LOCKTABLEstatements;UnlikeDDLCommand,acommitisnotimplicit,afterexecuteDDLCommand,mustexecutecommitcommandtoco
3、mmitatransaction;3、DynamicPerformanceTablesThesetablesarecreatedattheinstancestartupandusedtostoreinformationabouttheperformanceoftheinstance.Thisinformationincludesconnectioninformatioion,I/OS,initializationparametervaluesandsoon..4、ProcedureandFuncti
4、onareidenticalexceptthatFounctionarealwaysreturnavalue(Proceduredonot).5、SchemaisacollectionofObjectsthatassociatedwiththeDataBase.6、SGAismadeupof:DataBaseBuffers;RedoLogBuffers;TheSharedPool;7、TransactionisalogicalunitofworkconsistingofoneormoreSQLsta
5、tements,endinginacommitorrollback.8、TheDataBaseThePhysicalLayer（1）Oneormoredatafiles;（2）Twoormoreredologfiles;（3）Oneormorecontrolfiles;TheLogicalLayer（1）Oneormoretablespaces;（2）Thedatabaseschema;9、Thedatabaseisdevidedintooneormorelogicalpiecesknownasta
6、blespace;10、RecommendthateveryoneneedDBArolesshouldhaveadifferentaccount,thus,ifauditingisenabled,thereisarecordwhomadethesesystemchanges.11、TheInstanceisthelogicaltermthatreferstothecomponentsnecessarytoaccessthedatainadatabase.12、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)實(shí)例（也稱為服務(wù)器Server），
7、是用來(lái)訪問(wèn)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)文件集的一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)及后臺(tái)進(jìn)程的集合。Oralce并行服務(wù)器是指一個(gè)單獨(dú)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可以被多個(gè)實(shí)例訪問(wèn)。13、查詢實(shí)例名：selectinstance_namefromv$instance；14、查詢動(dòng)態(tài)視圖v$waitstat、v$system_event、v$session_event、v$session_wait和v$buffer_pool_statistics（在Oracle8中通過(guò)catperf.sql腳本創(chuàng)建）以獲取下面所的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息，目的是為了檢查服務(wù)器進(jìn)程是否正等待DB
8、WR（對(duì)單個(gè)會(huì)話而言，也對(duì)整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)而言）。15、(1)SMON：系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控程序(2)PMON：進(jìn)程監(jiān)控程序(3)DBWR：數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)寫(xiě)入程序(4)LGWR：日志寫(xiě)入程序(5)CKPT：檢查點(diǎn)進(jìn)程(6)ARCH：歸檔日志(7)RECO：恢復(fù)進(jìn)程(8)SNPn：快照進(jìn)程(9)LCKn：鎖定進(jìn)程(10)Dnnn：調(diào)度程序進(jìn)程(11)Snnn：服務(wù)器進(jìn)程(12)Pnnn：并行查詢服務(wù)器進(jìn)程16、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)備份之前，若使用了shutdownabort命令，則需要進(jìn)行如下操作，然后才能進(jìn)
