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1、CHAPTER2DynamicSecurityDesignandCorporateFinancing*YuliySannikovContents1.Introduction712.InformationalProblemsinStaticModels742.1MoralHazard752.2AdverseSelection823.SimpleSecuritiesinDynamicModels874.OptimalDynamicSecurityDesignunderMoralHazard904.1OtherModelsthatInvolveDynamicMoral
2、Hazard1025.AsymmetricInformationinDynamicSettings1115.1StaticContractsinDynamicSettings1115.2OptimalDynamicContractswithAdverseSelection117References1211.INTRODUCTIONModiglianiandMiller(1958),hereafterMM,arguethatundercertainidealizedassump-tionsfirmcapitalstructureisirrelevant,i.e.i
3、tdoesnotaffectfirmvalue.Thesecondi-tionsinclude:1.Therearenotaxesorbankruptcycosts.2.Therearenoagencyproblems.3.Therearenodifferencesininformationbetweeninsidersandoutsideinvestors.4.Capitalmarketsarefrictionless,i.e.marketparticipantsareperfectlycompetitiveandhavenomarketpower,andth
4、ereisnosecuritymispricing.Ofcourse,weknowthattheseidealizedconditionsclearlyfailinpractice.TheimportantmessageoftheModigliani–Millertheoryisthatitrulesoutcertaincom-monlyusedargumentsaboutcapitalstructureasincorrectorincomplete.Thesearguments*IammostgratefultoMiltonHarrisforhisgenero
5、usguidanceandextensivesuggestionsduringthepreparationofthismanuscript.IwouldalsoliketothankNengWang,BrettGreen,BrendanDaley,AlexeiTchistyi,andThomasMariottiforhelpfulcomments.HandbookoftheEconomicsofFinance?2013ElsevierB.V.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-44-453594-8.00002-1Allrights
6、reserved.7172YuliySannikovtypicallyfailtotakeintoaccountthattheriskinessofsecuritiesusedincapitalstructure,andthustheirrequiredreturn,dependonthecapitalstructureitself.Herearesometypicalexamples:A.Anargumentagainsthighercapitalrequirementsforbanks:becauseequityhasahigherrequiredretur
7、nthandebt,requiringbankstoholdmoreequityintheircapi-talstructuretoabsorbriskwillmakebankslessprofitable.Thisargumentfailstotakeintoaccountthatadecreaseinleveragemakesequitylessrisky,andthuslowersthecostofequity.1B.Anargumentthatcallsontechnologyfirms,suchasApple,topayouttheircashhold
8、ings,because
