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《categories in thought and language》由會員上傳分享，免費在線閱讀，更多相關內(nèi)容在工程資料-天天文庫。
1、Chapter1Categoriesinthoughtandlanguage1.0Overview1.1Categoriesandtheirinternalstructure1.2Conceptualgroupingsofcategories1.3Categoryextensionbymeansofmetonymyandmetaphor1.4Summary1.0OverviewHumanthoughtanditsexpressioninlanguageareintimatelyinterrelated.Thischapterseekstoshowhowcogn
2、itiveprocessesmediatebetweentheworldofconceptsandtheirlinguisticcrystallisationinthelexiconandgrammarofalanguage.Threetypesofcognitiveprocesseswillbedealtwithinthischapter:theformationofcategories,theconceptualgroupingofcategories,andtheextensionofconceptualandlinguisticcategoriesby
3、meansofmetonymyandmetaphor.1.1CategoriesandtheirinternalstructureThepracticalworldisnotaworldofclear-cutdistinctions.(Bloom?eld1933)1.1.1CategoriesWecanonlymakesenseoftheworldofourexperiencesandcommunicateourthoughtsbymeansofwhatphilosophersandlinguistscallcategories.Acategoryisthec
4、onceptu-alisationofacollectionofsimilarexperiencesthataremeaningfulandrelevanttous,i.e.categoriesareformedforthingsthat“matter”inacommunity.Categoriesareconceptualinnature,andmany,butbynomeansall,ofourconceptualcategoriesarealsolaiddowninlanguageaslinguisticcategories.Letusthinkofan
5、everydaysituationthatmaygiverisetoameaningfulcategoryforwhichwedonothavealinguisticcategory.4CognitiveEnglishGrammarImaginethesituationofdrivingtocollegeorworkeverymorning.Wheneveryouap-proachaparticularjunction,theroadisclogged.Thetra?csituationsyouexperienceatthisjunctionare,ofcou
6、rse,di?erentoneseachday:thetra?cjamsoccuratdi?erenttimes,thetailbacksareofdi?erentlengths,thecarsandthedriversstuckinthejamaredi?erent,etc.Yetallthesesituationsappeartobesimilarenoughforyoutogroupthemtogetherinoneandthesamecollectionofexperiences.Sinceyouneedtogettocollegeorworkinti
7、me,thesearealsohighlyrelevantsituationstoyou.Youhavenow,accordingtotheabovede?nition,formedacategory,whichmaybedescribedas‘pronetotra?cjams’,andwheneveryoucomeacrossasimilarsituation,youmaysubsumeitunderthiscategory.Categorieswhichwehaveformedonthebasisofourownindividualexperiencess
8、uchas‘pronetotra?cj
