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1、5TheMezzanineProductGroupandtheFinancialIndustrySofarwehavebeenlookingatmezzanineapplicationsincorporationswhereourconcernwasrelatedtothedynamicsoftheproduct,thereturntargetandtheintrinsicriskembodiedinthelevelofsubordinationofthemezzanineproductand/ortherisknatureofthetransactionbeingfinanc
2、ed,whetherthatwasanacquisition,recapitalization,internationalizationorotherwise.Ourunderstandingofriskandcorporategovernancedidthetrick.Thereare,however,industrieswheretheregulatordoesn’tleaveitcompletelyuptotheshare-holdersormanagementteamtodecidehowtheactivitiesofthefirmneedtobefinanced.Th
3、isoftenhappensbecausetheregulatorconsidersthatthepublicdeservesprotectionwhenengag-ingwiththesefirmsandtheclaimstheypotentiallyhaveagainstthefirms(asthesefirmshavebuiltupaliabilitytowardsthatpublic).Manytypesoflegislationtry(andsomemanagetoacertaindegree)toprotecttheaudienceagainstpotentiali
4、ssueswhichmightariseatthesefirms.Wearetalkinghereaboutthefinancialsector,andtoalargedegreeaswellaboutthein-surancesector.Sincetheyeitherraiserawmaterial(deposits)fromthepublicorinsurethemagainstcertainrisksandagreetoprovideapaymentincasethatriskmaterializes,theregula-torthoughtitwaswisetoreg
5、ulatehowthestructureofthebalancesheetofthoseinstitutionsshouldlookgiventhetypeofrisktheyareexposedto,withaviewtoprotectingthepublicintheirdealingswiththeseinstitutions.Itisbeyondthescopeofthisbooktoprovideafulloverviewofalltheinitiativestheregula-torshavetakeninthisrespect.Itisalsooutsideoft
6、hisbooktodrilldeepintotheexperiencesandpolicyresponsesthe2008–2009financialcrisishastriggered,andhowtheunderstandingofwhethertherulesinplaceweresolidenoughtoprotectagainstcertaintypesofsystemicmarketriskshaschanged.Finally,itisalsooutsidethescopeofthisbooktojudgeorevaluatethenewruleswhichhav
7、ebeenputinplaceandtowhatextenttheywillprovetobeamoresolidframeworkagainstfuturerisks.Besidesthemanytechnicaldiscussions,itisclearthatregulatorsareoftenbehindthecurveinsolvingissuesinlegislation,andbringingtheminlinewithreality.They,atleast,haveabad