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1、QuantumInformationTheoryByMichaelAaronNielsenB.Sc.,UniversityofQueensland,1993B.Sc.(FirstClassHonours),Mathematics,UniversityofQueensland,1994M.Sc.,Physics,UniversityofQueensland,1998DISSERTATIONSubmittedinPartialFul?llmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeof
2、DoctorofPhilosophyPhysicsTheUniversityofNewMexicoAlbuquerque,NewMexico,USADecember1998arXiv:quant-ph/0011036v19Nov2000c1998,MichaelAaronNielseniiDedicatedtothememoryofMichaelGerardKennedy24January1951–3June1998iiiAcknowledgmentsItisagreatpleasuretothankt
3、hemanypeoplewhohavecontributedtothisDissertation.Mydeepestthanksgoestomyfriendsandfamily,especiallymyparents,HowardandWendy,fortheirsupportandencouragement.Warmthanksalsotothemanyotherpeoplewhohavecon-tributedtothisDissertation,especiallyCarlCaves,whohas
4、beenaterri?cmentor,colleague,andfriend;toGerardMilburn,whogotmestartedinphysics,inresearch,andinquantumin-formation;andtoBenSchumacher,whoseboundlessenthusiasmandencouragementhasprovidedsomuchinspirationformyresearch.ThroughoutmygraduatecareerIhavehadthe
5、pleasureofmanyenjoyableandhelpfuldiscussionswithHowardBarnum,IkeChuang,ChrisFuchs,Ray-mondLa?amme,MannyKnill,MarkTracy,andWojtekZurek.Inparticular,HowardBarnum,CarlCaves,ChrisFuchs,MannyKnill,andBenSchumacherhelpedmelearnmuchofwhatIknowaboutquantumoperat
6、ions,entropy,anddistancemeasuresforquantuminformation.Thematerialreviewedinchapters3through5Ilearntinnosmallmeasurefromthesepeople.ManyotherfriendsandcolleagueshavecontributedtothisDissertation.ApartiallistincludesChrisAdami,DoritAharonov,JamesAnglin,Dav
7、idBeckman,PaulBenio?,CharlesBennett,SamBraunstein,NicholasCerf,IgnacioCirac,RichardCleve,JohnCortese,VageliCoutsias,WimvanDam,IvanDeutsch,DavidDiVincenzo,RobDuncan,MarkEttinger,BettyFry,JackGlassman,DanielGottesman,BobGri?ths,GaryHerling,TomHess,Alexande
8、rHolevo,PeterH?yer,RichardHughes,ChrisJarzynski,BradJohnson,Je?Kimble,AlexeiKitaev,AndrewLandahl,DebbieLeung,SethLloyd,Hoi-KwongLo,HideoMabuchi,EleanorMaes,NorineMeyer,CesarMiquel,JuanPabloPaz,MitchPorter,JohnPreskill,Pete
