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READINGCOMPREHENSIONInthetownofPeppard,acomputerhelpsfiremen.Thecomputercontainsinformationabouteveryoneofthe15000streetaddressesinthetown.Whenfiremenansweracall,thecomputerfilesthemimportantinformationabouttheburningbuilding.Thecomputercangivethelocationofthebuildinganditssize,type,andcontents.Infact,thecomputesystemhasmanydifferentwaysofhelpingfirefighterswiththeirproblems.Forexample,itcangivemedicalinformationaboutsickpeoplelivinginaburningbuilding.Withthisinformation,thefiremencantakespecialcaretofindthesesickpersonsandremovethemquicklyandsafelyfromtheburningbuilding.Thespeedatwhichthecomputerworksisamazing.Withintwoorthreesecondsafteracallisreceived,thecomputerprovidesnecessaryinformationforthefireman.TheinformationisthensenttotthembyradiofromthecomputercenterinTownHall.Thecomputersystemalsocontainsamedicalrecordofeachofthetown's110firemen.Thiskindofinformationis
1especiallyusefulwhenafirefighterisinjured.Withthismedicalinformation,doctorsatthehospitalcantreattheinjuredfiremanmorequicklyandeasily.Thefirementhemselvesaregratefulforthecomputer'shelp.Thecomputertellsthemaboutpossibledangersaheadofthemandhelpsthemprepareforthesedangers.Manytimesthecomputerinformationhelpstosavelivesandproperty.Sometimesthelivesarethoseoffirementhemselves.1.ThecomputerhelpsfiremaninthefollowingwaysEXCEPT_BA.locatingthebuildingonfireB.givinginformationonaddressC.locatingfireman'sproblemsD.providingmedicalcare2.ThespeedofthecomputerisamazingbecauseC—A.itcanprovideinformationveryquickly.B.itcanprovidenecessaryinformation.C.theinformationissenttofiremenbyradio.D.thecomputercenterissituatedinTownHall.
23.Whydoesthecomputercontainmedicalrecordsoffiremen?AA.Theypredictpossibledangersfrofiremen.B.theyhelpdoctorsintreatinginjuredfiremen.C.Theycansavepropertyandpeople'slives.D.Theyprovideimportantinformationaboutinjuries.4.Themainideaofthepassageisabout_BA.firemenandfirefighting.B.necessarymedicalinformationC.theusefulnessofthecomputerD.thequickspeedofthecomputerLargecompaniesneedwaytoreachthesavingsofthepublic.Thesameproblem,onasmallerscale,facespracticallyeverycompanytryingtodevelopnewproductsandcreatenewjobs.Therecanbelittleprospectofraisingthemoneyneededfromfriendsandpeopleweknow,andwhilebanksmayagreetoprovideshort-termloans,theyaregenerallyunwillingtoprovidemoneyonapermanentbasisforlongtermprojects.Socompaniesturntothepublic,invitingpeopletolendthemmoney,ortakeashareinthe
3businessinexchangeforashareinfutureprofits.Theydothisbyissuingstocksandsharesthroughthestockexchange.Bydoingso,theycanputintousethesavingsofindividualsandinstitutions.Whenthesaverswanttohavehismoneyback,hedoesnothavetogettothecompanywhichhasborrowedhismoney.Instead,hesellshissharesthroughastockbrokertosomeothersaverwhoisseekingtoinvesthismoney.Manyoftheservicesneededbothbyindustry,andbyeachofusareprovidedbytheGovernment.Withouthospital,roads,electricity,telephone,railways,etc.,thecountrycouldnotfunction.Alltheserequirecontinuousspendingonnewequipmentiftheyaretoserverusproperly,requiringmoremoneythanisraisedthroughtaxesalone,theGovernmentandindustriesthereforfrequentlyneedtoborrowmoneytofinancemajorcapitalspending,andthey,too,gotothestockexchange.Thereishardlyamanorwomaninthecountrywhosejoborwhosestandardoflivingdosnotdependontheabilityofhisorheremployertoraisemoneytofinancenewdevelopment.Inonewayoranother,newmoneymustcomefromthesavingsofthecountry.Thestockexchangeexiststo
4provideachannelthroughwhichthesesavingscanreachthosewhoneedmoney.5.CompaniesmustCformoneyforlong-termdevelopment.A.gotobanksB.askotherorganizationsC.turntothepublicD.gotoacquaintances6.ThestockexchangemanagesDA.companybusinessB.companysharesC.companyprojectsD.companyprofits7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTcorrect?BA.Theauthoritiesprovidemanynecessaryservices.B.Hospital,railwaysetc.areessentialtoacountry.C.TheGovernmentneedtoborrowfromthestockexchange.D.Taxescanraiseallthemoneyneededforimprovement.
58.Themainideaofthepassageisabout_AA.functionsofthestockexchange.B.companyfinancialneeds.C.rolesofthestockbroker.D.essentialpublicservices.Itisgenerallyagreedthatthefirsttruecitiesappearedabout5000yearsagointhefood-producingcommunitiesoftheMiddleEast.ThecitiesofSumeria,EgyptandtheIndusValleypossessedanumberofcharacteristicswhichdistinguishedthematrulyurban.Thecitieswereverymuchlargerandmoredenselypopulatedthananyprevioussettlement,andtheirfunctionwasclearlydifferentiatedfromthatofthesurroundingvillages.Inthecitiestheoldpatternsofkinshiprelationswerereplacedbyacomplexhierarchyofsocialclassesbasedonthespecializationoflabor.Moreover,theneedtokeeprecordsledtothedevelopmentofwritingandarithmetic,andtheincreasedsophisticationofurbansocietygaveanewimpetustoartisticexpressionofeverykind.WhenthebasisofcitylifewasestablishedinEuropetheurbantraditionwasdrawnfromtheancientcitiesofthe
6MiddleEast,viathecivilizationsofGreeceandRome,wecantracethreemainphasesinthegrowthoftheWestEuropeancity.Thefirstoftheseisthemedievalphase,whichextendsfromthebeginningofthe11thcenturyA.Dtoabout1500.ThesecondistherenaissanceandBaroquephase,whichcanbetracedfromabout1500tothebeginningofthe19thcentury.Thethirdisthemodernphase,extendingfromtheearly19thcenturytothepresentday.Everymedievalcitybeganasasmallsettlementwhichgrewuproundageographicalorculturalfocalpoint.Thiswouldoftenbeapermanentstructuresuchasastronghold,acathedraloralargechurch.Indistrictswheretravelandtradewerewellestablished,itmightbeamarket,arivercrossing,oraplacewheretwoormoretraderoutesmet.Instudiesofurbangeographyotheroldestpartofatownisreferredtoasthenuclearsettlement.TherearemanysmalltownsinEuropewhereitisstillpossibletotracetheoutlineoftheoriginalnuclearsettlement.Itis,ofcourse,muchmoredifficulttodothisinthecaseifalargemoderncitywhichhasgrowntomaytimesitsoriginalsize.9.Theancientcitieswerecharacterizedbyallthefollowing
7EXCEPT_CA.largerpopulationsB.differentlocationsC.differentrolesD.differentsocialclasses10.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT7DA.WestEuropeancitiesestablishedtheirownurbantradition.B.WestEuropeancitiesgrewdirectlyoutofthoseintheMiddleEast.C.CitiesappearedearlierintheMiddleEastthaninGreeceandRome.D.WestEuropeanandMiddleEastcitieswentthroughthesamephases.11.Whichofthefollowingcouldberegardedasageographicalfocalpoint?AA.Atownhall.B.Avegetablegarden.C.Alocalcafeteria.D.Anopenmarket.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreasingawarenessof
8theinadequaciesofthejudicialsystemintheU.S.Costsaregoinguprapidlybothforthetaxpayersandthelitigantsandthelitigants,orpartiesinalawsuit,havetowaitsometimesmanyyearsbeforehavingtheirdayincourt.Manysuggestionshavebeenputforwardconcerningmethodsofimprovingthesituating,butasinmostbranchesoftheGovernment,changescomeslowly.Onesuggestionthathasbeenmadeinordertomaximizetheefficiencyofthesystemistoallowdistrictsthathavetoomanywaitingcasestomorrowjudgesfromotherdistricts.Anothersuggestionistousepretrialconferencesinwhichthejudgemeetswiththelitigantsandtheirlawyersinordertonarrowtheissues,limitthewitnesses,andprovideforamoreorderlytrial.Thetheorybehindpretrialconferencesisthatjudgeswillspendlesstimeoneachcaseandpartieswillmorereadilysettlebeforetrialwhentheyrealizetheadequacyoftheirclaimsandtheiropponents*evidence.Manystateshavenowestablishedanothermethod,small-claimscourts.Theproceedingscostthelitigantsalmostnothing.InCalifornia,forexample,thepartiesmustappearbeforethejudgewithouttheassistanceoflawyers.Theproceedingsarequiteinformalandthereisno
9peaking—thelitigantsneedtomakeonlyaone-sentencestatementoftheirclaimBydoingso,theplaintiffgivesupanyrighttoajurytrialandtherighttoappealthedecision.12.Thejudicialsystemisconsideredinadequatebecauseof__D—A.highcostsandlongdelays.B.hightaxesandlongdelaysC.slowchangesandhightaxesD.highcostsandhightaxes13.Thepre-trialconferenceissupposedtoD_A.reducecourtevidence.B.increasecourtcosts.C.raisecourtefficiencyD.cutthenumberoflitigants.14.Insmall-claimscourtsthelitigants_CA.statetheirclaimsindetail.B.appearwithoutlegaladvisors.C.canlatergotoajurytrial.
10D.havetopayhighcourtcosts.15.Themaintopicofthepassageisabout_AA.suggestionsonhowtomakelegalclaims.B.waystoproducecourtevidenceC.waystodealwiththejudgeincourtD.methodstoimprovecourtefficiencyAbout5,000yearsago,theEgyptiansandotherpeopleintheNearEastbegantousepicturesaskindofwriting.Theydrewsimplepicturesorsignstorepresentthingsandideas,andalsotorepresentthesoundsoftheirlanguage.Thesignsthesepeopleusedbecameakindofalphabet.TheEgyptiansusedtorecordinformationandtotellstoriesbyputtingpicturewritingandpicturestogether.Whenanimportantpersondied,scenesandstoriesfromhislifewerepaintedandcarvedonthewallsoftheplacewherehewasburied.Someofthesepicturesarelikemoderncomicstripstories.IthasbeensaidthatEgyptisthehomeofthecomicstrip.But,fortheEgyptians,picturesstillhadmagicpower.Sotheydidnottrytomaketheirwayofwritingsimple.Theordinarypeoplecouldnotunderstandit.
11Bytheyear1,000BC,peoplewholivedintheareaaroundtheMediterraneanSeahaddevelopedasimplersystemofwriting.Thesignstheyusedwereveryeasytowrite,andtherewerefewerofthemthanintheEgyptiansystem.Thiswasbecauseeachsign,orletter,representedonlyonesoundintheirlanguage.TheGreeksdevelopedthissystemandformedthelettersoftheGreekalphabet.TheRomanscopiedtheidea,andtheRomanalphabetisnowusedallovertheworld.Thesedays,wecanwritedownastory,orrecordinformation,withoutusingpictures.Butwestillneedpicturesofallkinds:drawing,photographs,signsanddiagrams.Wefindthemeverywhere:inbooksandnewspapers,inthestreet,andonthewallsoftheplaceswhereweliveandwork.Pictureshelpustounderstandandrememberthingsmoreeasily,andtheycanmakeastorymuchmoreinteresting.16.PicturesofanimalswerepaintedonthewallsofcavesinFranceandSpainbecauseC—.A.thehunterswantedtoseethepicturesB.thepainterswereanimallovers
12C.thepainterswantedtoshowimaginationD.thepictureswerethoughttobehelpful17.TheGreekalphabetwassimplerthantheEgyptiansystemforallthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthatD.A.theformerwaseasytowriteB.therewerefewersignsintheformerC.theformerwaseasytopronounceD.eachsignstoodforonlyonesound18.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?CA.TheEgyptiansignslaterbecameaparticularalphabet.B.TheEgyptianslikedtowritecomicstripstories.C.TheRomanalphabetwasdevelopedfromtheEgyptianone.D.TheGreekscopiedtheirwritingsystemfromtheEgyptians.19.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorthinksthatpicturB.A.shouldbemadecomprehensible
13B.shouldbemadeinterestingC.areofmuchuseinourlifeD.havedisappearedfromourlifeItwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWiIhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoesfiredfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,childrenandoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.Tillneverforgetthescreams,"saysChristaNtitzmann,87,oneofthe1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermanysNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryoft
14he9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlastmonth.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn'tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:nNobodywantedtohearaboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast.“Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche,nBecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn'thavetheenergylefttotellofourownsufferings.ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwasprobablyunavoidable-andnecessary.ByunreservedlyowninguptotheircountriesmonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalizetheneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today'sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethattheyyenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.Nottoe
15quateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.20.WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?DA.ItwasattackedbyRussiantorpedoes.B.Mostofitspassengerswerefrozentodeath.C.Itsvictimsweremostlywomenandchildren.D.Itcausedthelargestnumberofcasualties.21.HundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseawhenBA.astrongicestormtiltedtheshipB.thecruiseshipsankallofasuddenC.thebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonesideD.thefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperatelyforlifeboats22.TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermansCA.wereeagertowininternationalacceptanceB.feltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWarIIC.hadbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutitD.wereafraidofoffendingtheirneighbors
1623.HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustlofftragedy?AA.Bypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoattack.B.Bydescribingtheshipssinkingingreatdetail.C.BygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieWoche.D.Bydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnantwoman.24.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinkthatBA.theywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftragedyB.theWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenationspastmisdeedsC.GermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarIID.it-iswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofothercountriesCertainlynocreatureintheseaisodderthanthecommonseacucumber.Alllivingcreature,especiallyhumanbeings,havetheirpeculiarities,buteverythingaboutthe
17littleseacucumberseemsunusual.Whatelsecanbesaidaboutabizarreanimalthat,amongothereccentricities,eatsmud,feedsalmostcontinuouslydayandnightbutcanlivewithouteatingforlongperiods,andcanbepoisonousbutisconsideredsupremelyediblebygourmets?Forsomefiftymillionyears,despiteallitseccentricities,theseacucumberhassubsistedonitsdietofmud.Itisadaptableenoughtoliveattachedtorocksbyitstubefeet,underrocksinshallowwater,oronthesurfaceofmudflats.CommonincoolwateronbothAtlanticandPacificshores,ithastheabilitytosuckupmudorsandanddigestwhatevernutrientsarepresent.Seacucumberscomeinavarietyofcolors,rangingfromblacktoreddishbrowntosandcolorandnearlywhite.Oneformevenhasvividpurpletentacles.Usuallythecreaturesarecucumbershaped-hencetheirname-andbecausetheyaretypicallyrockinhabitants,thisshape,combinedwithflexibility,enablesthemtosqueezeintocreviceswheretheyaresafefrompredatorsandoceancurrents.Althoughtheyhavevoraciousappetites,eatingdayandnight,seacucumbershavethecapacitytobecomequiescentandliveatalowmetabolicrate-feedingsparinglyornotat
18allforlongperiods,sothatthemarineorganismsthatprovidetheirfoodhaveachancetomultiply.Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty,theywoulddevourallthefoodavailableinashorttimeandwouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence.Butthemostspectacularthingabouttheseacucumberisthewayitdefendsitself.Itsmajorenemiesarefishandcrabs,whenattacked,itsquirtsallitsinternalorgansintowater.Italsocastsoffattachedstructuressuchastentacles.Theseacucumberwilleviscerateandregenerateitselfifitisattackedoreventouched