standards for standard setting contesting the organizational field

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1、D.LindaGarcia¨TheauthorwouldliketoexpresshergratitudetoBeckyLentz,ProgramOfficer,theMedia,ArtsandKnowledgeUnit,andtheFordFoundation,forfundingherresearchonpolicymakingandorganizationalfields.Shewouldalsoliketothankandacknowledgethehelpandintellectual

2、inputofEllenSurles,AldePlazaola,andKathrynCornelius—thethreeGeorgetownUniversity,Communication,CultureandTechnologyMasterscandidatescollaboratingonthisFordGrant.STANDARDSFORSTANDARDSETTING:CONTESTINGTHEORGANIZATIONALFIELDAbstract:Overthepastseveralye

3、ars,ITstandardizationhaswitnessedabreakdownintheconsensusthathithertogovernedtheactivitiesofparticipantsinthisdomain.Notonlyhavenewplayersappearedonthescene;thelegitimacyoftheoldsystemhasalsobeencalledintoquestion.Insomecases,theGovernmenthasbeencall

4、edontointerveneasathirdparty.Thisstateofaffairscanbestbeunderstoodasacrisiswithinan‘organizationalfield.’Anorganizationalfieldisarecognizeddomainofhumanactivityinwhichinterdependentactors/organizationsinteractinaccordancewithanagreeduponlogicorscript

5、toachievesomecommonobjective(DiMaggioandPowell1991).Consensuswithrespecttoobjectivesdoesnot,however,precludeconflict.Tothecontrary,organizationalfieldsarehighlycontestedarenasinwhichactorscompetenotonlyforresourcesbutalso—andasimportantly—forlegitima

6、cy(Schwartz1997).Bylegitimatingtheirownvaluesandpositionswithinafield,organizationscantiltthe‘rulesofthegame,’intheirfavorwithlonglastingeffects(Fligstein2002).Viewingadomainofhumanactivitiesthroughanorganizationalfieldperspectivehelpstobringtheroles

7、of,andtherelationshipsbetween,publicandprivaterealmsintogreaterrelief.Generallyspeaking,organizationalfieldsarerelativelyself-containedandindependentwithintheirownsphereofactivity(Schwartz1997).However,whenfieldsbecomethebattlegroundofcontestingparti

8、es,theautonomyofthefieldisgreatlyreduced.Contendingpartieswillseektoreinforcetheirpositionsbylinkingthemtothedeep-seatedvaluesandnormsofsocietyasawhole(BourdieuandWacquant1992).Itisatthispointthatthepublicsectorhasauniqueopportunity—orassomemightsaya