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1、ResearchonEnglishWomen'sEmploymentandIncomeinthe19thCenturySummary:本文主要研究19世紀(jì)英國(guó)婦女的工資情況，從19世紀(jì)就業(yè)婦女的工作種類、工資情況分析著手，再深入剖析其原因。通過(guò)分析可以看出，在19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)，就業(yè)婦女的工作大多是知識(shí)、技術(shù)含量低下的種類，其工資情況也不容樂(lè)觀，究其主要原因是受“男主外女主內(nèi)”傳統(tǒng)觀念的影響，通過(guò)婦女的就業(yè)與工資情況可以看出當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)社會(huì)下婦女的地位，也從側(cè)面揭示了男性的主導(dǎo)地位，向世界展示了部分歐洲的社會(huì)與文化風(fēng)貌。另外，研究這一課題對(duì)于我國(guó)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中如何處理婦女在勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)中的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位、
2、社會(huì)地位具有指導(dǎo)性的意義。ResearchonEnglishWomen'sEmploymentandIncomeinthe19thCentury1、TypesofEmploymentDuringtheprocessofmodernizationinthe19thcentury,womenwasattheborderofjobs.Therewereabout4typesoftheiremployment.Mostwomenworkedathomeorinthepartwhichwasrelatedtotheextensionofhomejobs.Themajorityofthesejob
3、sbelongedtonon-skillfulandlow-paidindustryandwecalledthesejobshomeservicetrades.Homeservicetradescanbedividedbylong-termserviceandshort-timeservice.Bothofthemtookthejobofcookingmeals,washingclothes,lookingafterthechildrenandcleaningtheroom.Thesecondbiggestwomenindustrywastextile.Womenintheindust
4、rycouldonlyworkinthedepartmentofspinningandweavingwhichwasdirtyandstrength-consuming.Thesedepartmentswereoflow-techniqueandlow-income.Womenwereexcludedfromtheskillfuljobs.Anotherkindofjobwascalledbloodandsweatindustrywhichwasalsooneofdepartmentsmanywomenworkingin.Thisdepartmentincludedsewing,kni
5、ttingandsuchsokindsofmanufacturingjobs.Incomeofthiskindofdepartmentismuchlowerthanthatofwomeninfactory.However,after1970s,withthedevelopmentofindustry,becauseofarevolution,white-collarrevolution,anewdepartmentcameintobeing.Womenbegantotakeupsometechnicaljobs.Butthegradewasstilllow.Theiroccupatio
6、nswerefocusedtypist,telegrapherandtelephoneoperatorandsoon.Justlikeotherdepartments,theirincomewereonlyabout25%to50%ofmen.Evenifonewomanandmantookupthesamekindofjob,man'sincomewasmuchhigherthanthoseofwoman.2、IncomeofEmploymentOnthewhole,women'spaywaslowerthantheman'sinthesametradeandwomenbelonge
7、dtothelow-paygroup.Inthelate20sandtheearly30softhe19thcentury,women'saverageincomewasabout1/3to1/2ofmen's.Itwasjustnearly40%ofmenworkers'incomeevenifthehighestwage.Manymaidservantscouldn'tevensupportthemselvesfortheirannuali
