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1、RepresentativeDesign26SinsCommittedintheNameofEcologicalValidity:ACallforRepresentativeDesigninEducationScienceJohnDunlosky1,SaraBottiroli2,andMarissaHartwig11KentStateUniversity2UniversityofPaviaRunninghead:RepresentativedesignInpress,HandbookofMetacognitioninEducation.D.Hacker,J.D
2、unlosky,&A.Graesser(Eds).NY:PsychologyPress.RepresentativeDesign26SinsCommittedintheNameofEcologicalValidity:ACallforRepresentativeDesigninEducationScienceDoyouwantconclusionsandfindingsfromeducationresearchtogeneralizetoreal-worldeducation,wherestudentsaretaught,learn,andaretested?
3、Incritiquingeducationresearch,areyouconcernedwhenitisnotecologicallyvalid?Mostofuswouldanswer“yes”tobothofthesequestions.Evenifwebelievethatbroadgeneralizabilitymaynotbefeasibleinanyoneexperiment,conducting“ecologicallyvalid”researchisnodoubtanidealtowhichwestillstrive.Inthepresentc
4、hapter,weagreethatgeneralizabilityisessential,butwedeconstructecologicalvalidityandarguethatthetermisoftenmisusedandmisrepresentedinamannerthatmayultimatelystiflethedevelopmentofmethodsforachievinggeneralizability.Forthoseofyouwhoansweredbothquestionswitharesounding“yes,”andtheprese
5、ntauthorscertainlyhavedoneso,wemustemphasizethatourgoalisnottounderminetheidealofvalidity–everysocialscientist’sdesireistoconductresearchthatisgeneralizabletoatargetecology.Indeed,wemeantoholdthisidealwiththehighestregard,andbydoingso,wewillrevealthesinscommittedinthenameofecologica
6、lvalidityandthepromiseofresearchprogramsthatareinformedbyrepresentativedesign.Bynomeansarewethefirsttocallforthisreformwithinthescientificcommunity–toscrutinizetheuseofthetermecologicalvalidityandtoattendmoredeeplytoissuespertainingtogeneralizability.Otherswhohavemadesuchacallinclud
7、eAraújo,Davids,andPassos(2007),Hammond(1998),Petrinovich(1989),andSchmuckler(2001).AlthougheachoftheseauthorsofferuniqueinsightsaboutRepresentativeDesign26conductingresearchthatwillgeneralize,theyallconvergeonacommontheme:Theconceptofecologicalvalidityisinadequateforguidingthedesign
8、ofresearchthatwillg
