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1、Passage1Adividebetweenaestheticandtechnicalconsiderationshasplayedacrucialroleinmapmakingandcartographicscholarship.Sincenineteenthcenturycartographers,forinstance,understoodthemselvesastechnicianswhodidnotcareaboutvisualeffects,whileotherssawthemselvesaslandsc
2、apepainters.Thatdichotomystructuredthedisciplineofthehistoryofcartography.Untilthe1980s,inwhatBlakemoreandHarleycalled“theOldisBeautifulParadigm,”scholarslargelyfocusedonmapsmadebefore1800,marvelingattheirbeautyandsometimesregrettingthedeclineofthepre-technical
3、age.Earlymapmakingwasconsideredartwhilemoderncartographywaslocatedwithintherealmofengineeringutility.Alpers,however,hasarguedthatthisboundarywouldhavepuzzledmapmakersintheseventeenthcentury,becausetheyconsideredthemselvestobevisualengineers.1.Accordingtothepass
4、age,Alperswouldsaythattheassumptionsunderlyingthe“paradigm”wereA.inconsistentwiththewaysomemapmakerspriorto1800understandtheirownworkB.dependentonaseventeenth-centuryconceptionofmapmakingvisualengineeringC.unconcernedwiththedifferencebetweentheaestheticandtechn
5、icalquestionsofmapmakingD.insensitivetodivisionsamongcartographersworkingintheperiodafter1800E.supportedbythedemonstrabletechnicalsuperiorityofmapmakingmadeafter18002.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beginninginthe1980s,historiansofcartographyA.placedgreaterem
6、phasisonthebeautyofmapsmadeafter1800B.expandedtheirrangeofstudytoincludemorematerialcreatedafter1800C.grewmoresensitivetothewaymapmakerspriorto1800conceivedoftheirworkD.cametoseethevisualdetailsofmapsasaestheticobjectsratherthanpracticalcartographicaidsE.reduce
7、dtheattentiontheypaidtothetechnicalaspectsofmapmaking答案：ABPassage2Mostmammalsreachsexualmaturitywhentheirgrowthratesareindecline,whereashumansexperienceagrowthspurtduringadolescence.1Whetherapesexperienceanadolescentgrowthspurtisstillundecided.Inthe1950s,dataon
8、captivechimpanzeescollectedbyJamesGavanappeareddevoidofevidenceofanadolescentgrowthspurtintheseapes.InarecentreanalysisofGavan’sdata,however,zoologistElizabethWattshasfoundt
