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1、High-RiseBuildingsIntroductionItisdifficulttodefineahigh-risebuilding.Onemaysaythatalow-risebuildingrangesfrom1to2stories.Amedium-risebuildingprobablyrangesbetween3or4storiesupto10or20storiesormore.Althoughthebasicprinciplesofverticalandhorizontalsubsystemdesignremainthesameforlow-,medium-,
2、orhigh-risebuildings,whenabuildinggetshightheverticalsubsystemsbecomeacontrollingproblemfortworeasons.Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumns,walls,andshafts.But,moresignificantly,theoverturningmomentandthesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralforcesaremuchlargerandmustbecarefullyprovidedfor
3、.Theverticalsubsystemsinahigh-risebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstorytostory,thusrequiringlargercolumnorwallsectionstosupportsuchloading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloads,suchaswindorseismicloads,tothefoundations.However,incontrasttoverticalload,later
4、alloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearandincreaserapidlywithincreaseinheight.Forexampleunderwindload,theoverturningmomentatthebaseofbuildingsvariesapproximatelyasthesquareofabuildingsmayvaryasthefourthpowerofbuildingsheight,otherthingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesanevenmorepronouncedeffect.Wh
5、enthestructureforalow-ormedium-risebuildingisdesignedfordeadandliveload,itisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumns,walls,andstairorelevatorshaftscancarrymostofthehorizontalforces.Theproblemisprimarilyoneofshearresistance.Moderateadditionbracingforrigidframesin“short”buildingscaneasilybeprov
6、idedbyfillingcertainpanels(orevenallpanels)withoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsandgirdersotherwiserequiredforverticalloads.Unfortunately,thisisnotisforhigh-risebuildingsbecausetheproblemisprimarilyresistancetomomentanddeflectionratherthanshearalone.Specialstructuralarrangementswilloftenhav
7、etobemadeandadditionalstructuralmaterialisalwaysrequiredforthecolumns,girders,walls,andslabsinordertomadeahigh-risebuildingssufficientlyresistanttomuchhigherlateraldeformations.Aspreviouslymentioned,thequantityofstructuralmaterialrequiredpersquarefootoff
