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1、現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)Chapter11，Whatislinguistics?1.1,definition:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage,isbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofdata，conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.“l(fā)anguage”impliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguag
2、esingeneral;“study”means“investigate”or“examine”;“scientific”referstothewayinwhichitisstudied.Linguisthastodofirstintostudylanguagefacts.Processoflinguisticstudy:A)Certainlinguisticfactswhichdisplaysomesimilaritiesandgeneralizationsareobserved;B)Basedonthesegeneralizations,hypothesesa
3、reformulatedtoaccountforthesefacts;C)Thehypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;D)Alinguistictheoryisconstructedaboutwhatlanguageisandhowitworks;1.2，thescopeoflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics,whichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,mod
4、elsandmethods;andlanguageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacets;Branchesoflinguisticsasfollow:A)Phonetics(發(fā)音學(xué)、語(yǔ)音學(xué)):thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication;B)Phonology（音系學(xué)、音位學(xué)）:thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication;C)Morphology(詞態(tài)學(xué))：sound
5、sarerepresentedbycertainsymbolsinlinguisticcommunication,thestudyofthewayinwhichthosesymbolsarearrangedtoformwords;D)Syntax(句法學(xué))：thestudyofrulesthatcombinewordstoformpermissiblesentences;E)Semantics(語(yǔ)義學(xué)):thestudyofmeaningF)Pragmatics(語(yǔ)用學(xué))：whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolated
6、,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics;Thestudyofalltheseaspectsoflanguageformsthecoreoflinguistics.Languageisasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironment,inthecourseoftimethestudyoflanguagewhichlinkswithotherbranchesofsocialstudies,resul
7、tingininterdisciplinary(跨學(xué)科)branchedoflinguisticstudy,includingsociolinguistics(社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué))andpsycholinguistics（心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)）;Inabroadsense,Studiescanbeappliedtothesolutionofsomepracticalproblemsisgenerallyknowasappliedlinguistics;inanarrowsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprin
8、ciple
