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1、現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)筆記及課后答案Linguistics:Itisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Generallinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawholeiscalledgenerallinguistics.Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearn
2、ing,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.Synchronicstudy:Thestudyofalanguageatsomepointintime.e.g.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespear
3、e’stimeisasynchronicstudy.Diachronicstudy:Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.Langu
4、agecompetence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar（轉(zhuǎn)化死針言法）isamodeloflanguagecompetence.Languageperformance:performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.Langue:Languereferstothea
5、bstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.Parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandt
6、heapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexam
7、pleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Duality:Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsou
8、ndsatthelowerorbasiclevel,andtheotherofm
