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1、AfewdaysagoWalmart,America’slargestemployer,announcedthatitwillraisewagesforhalfamillionworkers.Formanyofthoseworkersthegainswillbesmall,buttheannouncementisnonethelessaverybigdeal,fortworeasons.First,therewillbespillovers:Walmartissobigthatitsactionwillprobablyleadtoraisesformillionsofworker
2、semployedbyothercompanies.Second,andarguablyfarmoreimportant,iswhatWalmart’smovetellsus—namely,thatlowwagesareapoliticalchoice,andwecanandshouldchoosedifferently.幾天前,美國最大的雇主沃爾瑪(Walmart)宣布將為50萬名員工加薪。對其中許多員工來說,漲幅是很小的,但并不妨礙此事的重要性,原因有兩個。首先是會有溢出效應:以沃爾瑪?shù)囊?guī)模之大,這一舉動可能引致數(shù)以百萬計的其他公司員工得到加薪。第二點,應該說也是更為重要的一
3、點,沃爾瑪?shù)呐e動在告訴我們,低薪是一個政治選擇,我們可以,也應該做出別的選擇。Somebackground:Conservatives—withthebacking,Ihavetoadmit,ofmanyeconomists—normallyarguethatthemarketforlaborislikethemarketforanythingelse.Thelawofsupplyanddemand,theysay,determinesthelevelofwages,andtheinvisiblehandofthemarketwillpunishanyonewhotriestod
4、efythislaw.提供一些背景:保守派——不得不承認,他們的背后有一些經(jīng)濟學家的支持——通常會說,勞動力市場跟任何其他東西的市場是一樣的。他們說,供求法則決定薪資水平,任何人要想違背這一法則,都會遭到市場無形之手的懲罰。Specifically,thisviewimpliesthatanyattempttopushupwageswilleitherfailorhavebadconsequences.Settingaminimumwage,it’sclaimed,willreduceemploymentandcreatealaborsurplus,thesamewayattem
5、ptstoputfloorsunderthepricesofagriculturalcommoditiesusedtoleadtobuttermountains,winelakesandsoon.Pressuringemployerstopaymore,orencouragingworkerstoorganizeintounions,willhavethesameeffect.這種觀念尤其在暗示,任何推高工資的企圖都是徒勞的,或者會有糟糕的后果。它認為設(shè)定最低工資會減少就業(yè),造成勞動力過剩,就好比給農(nóng)產(chǎn)品設(shè)定價格下限曾經(jīng)導致黃油成山、紅酒成湖等等。強迫雇主增加工資,或鼓勵工人組成
6、工會,也會有同樣的效果。Butlaboreconomistshavelongquestionedthisview.SoylentGreen—Imean,thelaborforce—ispeople.Andbecauseworkersarepeople,wagesarenot,infact,likethepriceofbutter,andhowmuchworkersarepaiddependsasmuchonsocialforcesandpoliticalpowerasitdoesonsimplesupplyanddemand.但勞動經(jīng)濟學家對這種看法一直存在質(zhì)疑。大扁豆綠餅(So
7、ylentGreen,同名電影中用死人制成的一種食物?!g注)——我的意思是,勞動力——是人。由于工人是20currencydeposit,weprescribeapassonaregularbasis,qilucardaccountonaregularbasis),certificatebondsandsavingsbonds(electronic);3.notdrawnonabanksavingscertificate,certificatebondsapplyformor