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1、IMMUNIZATION免疫接種──免疫學(xué)預(yù)防1.基因免疫的概念和優(yōu)勢。3.基因免疫中目的基因的來源2.疫苗的主要類型MortalitygHighgModerategNoneorlowHIV/AIDSTuberculosisMortalitygHighgModerategNoneorlowMalariaRiskSignificantgLowgNoneMeaslesNumberofcasesgMorethan100g11-100g1-10g0gNosurveillanceInfluenzagWidespre
2、adgRegionalgLocalgSporadicgNegligibalornosurveillanceDiarrheaDiseasesCholeraCasesgMorethan1,500g1,001-1,500g501-1,000g1-500gNegligibalornosurveillanceEachhelperTcellexpressestheCD4antigen.HIVentersthecellbybindingtoCD4andothercellsurfacemolecules.AhelperT
3、cellisknowncolloquiallyasaCD4cell.MacrophagesandasubsetofTlymphocytes(Tcells),knownashelperTcells,expressCD4andsoarevulnerabletoHIVinfection.EdwardJennerLouisPasteurJennerandPasteurarerecognizedastheimmunologistswhopioneeredvaccination,orinductionofactive
4、immunity.脊髓灰質(zhì)炎Polio狂犬病Rabies風(fēng)疹RubellaHepatitisAHepatitisB流感Influenza白喉diphtheria天花Smallpoxvirus輪狀病毒RotavirusPertussis百日咳Comparisonofmaximumandcurrentmorbidityforvaccine-preventablediseasesDiseaseMaximumcasesYear1992Percentagechange白喉Diphtheria麻疹Measles腮腺炎
5、Mumps百日咳pertussis脊髓灰質(zhì)炎Polio(paralytic)風(fēng)疹RubellaCRS破傷風(fēng)Tetanus乙型流感HeamophilusinfluenzaetypeB乙型肝炎HepatitisB206,939694,134152,209265,26921,26957,68620,0001,56020,00026,6111921194119681934195219691964,6519231984198542,2372,5724,083416011451,41216,12699.9999.75
6、98.3198.4699.9899.7299.9597.1292.9439.40患天花的小兒(Infantwithsmallpox)1979年WHO宣布在全球范圍內(nèi)消滅了天花病毒。Thelastknownpersonintheworldtohavesmallpoxofanykind.Variolaminorin23-year-oldAliMaowMaalin,Merka,SomaliaThelastcaseofnaturalsmallpoxinU.K.occurredinthe1930s;thelasti
7、nU.S.A.wasinthe1940s.ThelastnaturalcaseintheworldwasinSomaliaandoccurredinOctober1977.患脊髓灰質(zhì)炎的兒童(ChildwithpoliosequelaeWHO)WHO宣稱將在2003年在全球消滅脊髓灰質(zhì)炎公元11年(4f腫瘤fbb癌癥yuw3胃癌d65io腸癌.f2tr肺癌65ff)(西漢王莽新朝三年),是中國古老的實(shí)證醫(yī)學(xué)萌芽。由于儒、釋、道三教合流所形成的中國文化格局,“重道輕器”(45傳染病q566丙肝964jo乙肝
8、28jgsx甲肝gh)衍生出的務(wù)虛傾向,重體悟而疏實(shí)證,必然缺少邏輯推理,致使中國的實(shí)證醫(yī)學(xué)成就在日后難以與西方醫(yī)學(xué)同日而語。古埃及醫(yī)師運(yùn)用念咒、畫符和草藥治病,前二者就是巫醫(yī)。(df高血壓958心臟病983u6糖尿病87fr)西醫(yī)在古希臘時期就開始醫(yī)巫分家,亞里士多德曾詳細(xì)描述了動物的內(nèi)臟和器官,古希臘醫(yī)學(xué)最高成就的代表人物希波克拉底將唯物主義哲學(xué)運(yùn)用于醫(yī)學(xué)之中,在《論圣病》中說:“被人們稱為‘神圣的’疾病(指癲癇和一些精神