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1、新編計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)教程目錄第1章計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)···················································11.1計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用·········································································11.1.1計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展···········································································11.1.2計(jì)算機(jī)的特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用······································
2、·························31.2數(shù)制與編碼·······················································································61.2.1數(shù)制····························································································61.2.2數(shù)制之間的轉(zhuǎn)換································································
3、·······61.2.3計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)據(jù)單位····································································71.2.4二進(jìn)制的算術(shù)運(yùn)算··································································81.2.5字符編碼··················································································91.3計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)····························
4、·························································101.3.1計(jì)算機(jī)的系統(tǒng)組成································································101.3.2計(jì)算機(jī)工作原理·····································································111.3.3中央處理器···································································
5、·········121.3.4存儲(chǔ)器····················································································131.3.5基本輸入/輸出設(shè)備······························································131.3.6總線、主板與接口·······························································14第1章計(jì)算機(jī)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)本章導(dǎo)讀有些知識(shí)點(diǎn)僅需了解即可,有些知識(shí)點(diǎn)是作為資料備
6、查的,有些知識(shí)點(diǎn)(如標(biāo)題右上角帶有符號(hào)“*”的內(nèi)容)則是必須熟練掌握的,所以在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中一定要抓住重點(diǎn),千萬不要機(jī)械地記憶“第四代計(jì)算機(jī)的特點(diǎn)”之類隨時(shí)可查閱的命題。計(jì)算機(jī)新技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)制與編碼以及計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)等內(nèi)容是本章的學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)。1.1計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用1.1.1計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展早在公元前5世紀(jì)中國(guó)人就發(fā)明了算盤,并廣泛應(yīng)用于商業(yè)貿(mào)易中,因此算盤被認(rèn)為是最早的計(jì)算機(jī),并一直使用至今。算盤在某些方面的運(yùn)算能力要超過目前的計(jì)算機(jī),算盤體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)人民的智慧。直到17世紀(jì),計(jì)算設(shè)備才有第二次重要的進(jìn)步。1642年法國(guó)人帕斯卡發(fā)明了自動(dòng)進(jìn)位加法器;1694年德國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)家戈特弗里德改進(jìn)帕斯卡的加法器,
7、使之可以計(jì)算乘法;后來法國(guó)人哥倫比亞發(fā)明了可以進(jìn)行四則運(yùn)算的計(jì)算器?,F(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)的真正起源來自英國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)教授查爾斯·巴貝奇。查爾斯·巴貝奇發(fā)現(xiàn)通常的計(jì)算設(shè)備中有許多錯(cuò)誤,在劍橋?qū)W習(xí)時(shí)他認(rèn)為可以利用蒸汽機(jī)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。起先他設(shè)計(jì)差分機(jī)用于計(jì)算導(dǎo)航表,后來他發(fā)現(xiàn)差分機(jī)只是專門用途的機(jī)器,于是放棄了原來的研究,開始設(shè)計(jì)包含現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)基本組成部分的分析機(jī)。巴貝奇的蒸汽動(dòng)力計(jì)算機(jī)雖然最終沒有完成,以今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看也是非常原始的,然而它勾畫出