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1、AtomicStructureandAtomicSpectraEquipmentused:Incandescentlamp,H,He,Hg,Na&Kdischargetubes,hand-heldspectrometersanddiffractiongratings,1.5mspectrograph(Rm1),prismspectrometer(Rm42),ccd-basedopticalmultichannelanalyzer(OMA),PC&spreadsheet.Objectives:A)visuallyobservebl
2、ackbodyandatomicspectraB)recordthevisible-nearUVspectrumofatomichydrogenusinganOMAandrelatetheobservedBalmerseriesemissionlinestothepredictedenergyleveldiagramoftheHatom-developspectroscopicnotation.C)measurethespin-orbitsplittingofsodiumandpotassium"D-linesanddeterm
3、inethesizesofthemagneticfieldsexperiencedbythe"opticalelectrons"intheupperlevelsforthosethosetransitions.References:R.Harris,NonclassicalPhysics:BeyondNewton'sView,AddisonWesley,MenloPark,California(1998).R.Serway,C.Moses,andC.Moyer,ModernPhysics,SecondEdition,Saunde
4、rsCollegePublishing,FortWorth,Texas(1997).K.Krane,ModernPhysics,SecondEdition,JohnWiley&Sons,NewYork(1996).Spectra-abriefhistoryBlackbody,atomicandmolecularspectra(intensityasafunctionofwavelengthorfrequency)havebeenthesubjectsofintensiveexaminationfornearly200years(
5、Fraunhofer’sobservationsofdarklinesinthesolarspectrum,includingthe“D”lines,weremadein1814!).Fornearlyhalfthattime,thestudyoftheopticalspectraassociatedwithheatedsolidsandatomsandmoleculesinthegas(orplasma)phasewasofessentiallyanempiricalnature.Forthecontinuousblackbo
6、dyspectra,theempiricalrelationsdevelopedbyWein(Wein’sdisplacementlaw)andbyStefanandBoltzmannduringthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturylackedatheoreticalfoundation.OnaSundayeveninginearlyOctoberof1900,MaxPlanckdiscoveredtheblackbodyformulathatallowedanexactpredictionof
7、theshapesofblackbodyspectra.Planck’sformulaallowedthederivationofWein’slawandtheStephan-Boltzmannlaw,andprovidedthesourceoftheempiricalconstantscontainedwithinthem.ToderivehisformulaPlanckhadtoassumethatelectromagneticradiationwasquantized.Quantumphysicsandthephotonh
8、adbeeninvented!7Asimilarsituationobtainedwithrespecttothediscretelinespectraofatomsandtheassociatedbandspectraofmolecules.Accuratem
