集群和新競爭經(jīng)濟學[外文翻譯]

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1、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文翻譯一、外文原文標題：CLUSTERSANDTHENEWECONOMICSOFCOMPETITION原文：WhatIsaCluster?Clustersaregeographicconcentrationsofinterconnectedcompaniesandinstitutionsinaparticularfield.Clustersencompassanarrayoflinkedindustriesandotherentitiesimportanttocompetition.Theyinclude,forexampl

2、e,suppliersofspecializedinputssuchascomponents,machinery,andservices,andprovidersofspecializedinfrastructure.Clustersalsooftenextenddownstreamtochannelsandcustomersandlaterallytomanufacturersofcomplementaryproductsandtocompaniesinindustriesrelatedbyskills,technologies,orcom

3、moninputs.Finally,manyclustersincludegovernmentalandotherinstitutions–suchasuniversities,standards-settingagencies,thinktanks,vocationaltrainingproviders,andtradeassociations–thatprovidespecializedtraining,education,information,research,andtechnicalsupport.TheCaliforniawine

4、clusterisagoodexample.Itincludes680commercialwineriesaswellasseveralthousandindependentwinegrapegrowers.(Seetheexhibit“AnatomyoftheCaliforniaWineCluster.”)Anextensivecomplementofindustriessupportingbothwinemakingandgrapegrowingexists,includingsuppliersofgrapestock,irrigatio

5、nandharvestingequipment,barrels,andlabels;specializedpublicrelationsandadvertisingfirms;andnumerouswinepublicationsaimedatconsumerandtradeaudiences.Ahostoflocalinstitutionsisinvolvedwithwine,suchastheworld-renownedviticultureandenologyprogramattheUniversityofCaliforniaatDav

6、is,theWineInstitute,andspecialcommitteesoftheCaliforniasenateandassembly.TheclusteralsoenjoysweakerlinkagestootherCaliforniaclustersinagriculture,foodandrestaurants,andwine-countrytourism.ConsideralsotheItalianleatherfashioncluster,whichcontainswell-knownshoecompaniessuchas

7、FerragamoandGucciaswellasahostofspecializedsuppliersoffootwearcomponents,machinery,molds,designservices,andtannedleather.(Seetheexhibit“MappingtheItalianLeatherFashionCluster.”)Italsoconsistsofseveralchainsofrelatedindustries,includingthoseproducingdifferenttypesofleathergo

8、ods(linkedbycommoninputsandtechnologies)anddifferenttypesoffootwear(linkedbyoverla