集群和新競爭經濟學[外文翻譯]

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1、畢業(yè)論文（設計）外文翻譯一、外文原文標題：CLUSTERSANDTHENEWECONOMICSOFCOMPETITION原文：WhatIsaCluster?Clustersaregeographicconcentrationsofinterconnectedcompaniesandinstitutionsinaparticularfield.Clustersencompassanarrayoflinkedindustriesandotherentitiesimportanttocompetition.Theyinclu

2、de,forexample,suppliersofspecializedinputssuchascomponents,machinery,andservices,andprovidersofspecializedinfrastructure.Clustersalsooftenextenddownstreamtochannelsandcustomersandlaterallytomanufacturersofcomplementaryproductsandtocompaniesinindustriesrelatedbys

3、kills,technologies,orcommoninputs.Finally,manyclustersincludegovernmentalandotherinstitutions–suchasuniversities,standards-settingagencies,thinktanks,vocationaltrainingproviders,andtradeassociations–thatprovidespecializedtraining,education,information,research,a

4、ndtechnicalsupport.TheCaliforniawineclusterisagoodexample.Itincludes680commercialwineriesaswellasseveralthousandindependentwinegrapegrowers.(Seetheexhibit“AnatomyoftheCaliforniaWineCluster.”)Anextensivecomplementofindustriessupportingbothwinemakingandgrapegrowin

5、gexists,includingsuppliersofgrapestock,irrigationandharvestingequipment,barrels,andlabels;specializedpublicrelationsandadvertisingfirms;andnumerouswinepublicationsaimedatconsumerandtradeaudiences.Ahostoflocalinstitutionsisinvolvedwithwine,suchastheworld-renowned

6、viticultureandenologyprogramattheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,theWineInstitute,andspecialcommitteesoftheCaliforniasenateandassembly.TheclusteralsoenjoysweakerlinkagestootherCaliforniaclustersinagriculture,foodandrestaurants,andwine-countrytourism.Consideralsoth

7、eItalianleatherfashioncluster,whichcontainswell-knownshoecompaniessuchasFerragamoandGucciaswellasahostofspecializedsuppliersoffootwearcomponents,machinery,molds,designservices,andtannedleather.(Seetheexhibit“MappingtheItalianLeatherFashionCluster.”)Italsoconsist

8、sofseveralchainsofrelatedindustries,includingthoseproducingdifferenttypesofleathergoods(linkedbycommoninputsandtechnologies)anddifferenttypesoffootwear(linkedbyoverla