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1、.SensortechnologyAsensorisadevicewhichproducesasignalinresponsetoitsdetectingormeasuringaproperty,suchasposition,force,torque,pressure,temperature,humidity,speed,acceleration,orvibration.Traditionally,sensors(suchasactuatorsandswitches)havebeenusedtosetlimitsontheperformanceofmachines.Commonexamp
2、lesare(a)stopsonmachinetoolstorestrictworktablemovements,(b)pressureandtemperaturegageswithautomaticsshut-offfeatures,and(c)governorsonenginestopreventexcessivespeedofoperation.Sensortechnologyhasbecomeanimportantaspectofmanufacturingprocessesandsystems.Itisessentialforproperdataacquisitionandfor
3、themonitoring,communication,andcomputercontrolofmachinesandsystems.Becausetheyconvertonequantitytoanother,sensorsoftenarereferredtoastransducers.Analogsensorsproduceasignal,suchasvoltage,whichisproportionaltothemeasuredquantity.Digitalsensorshavenumericordigitaloutputsthatcanbetransferredtocomput
4、ersdirectly.Analog-to-coverter(ADC)isavailableforinterfacinganalogsensorswithcomputers.ClassificationsofSensorsSensorsthatareofinterestinmanufacturingmaybeclassifiedgenerallyasfollows:Machanicalsensorsmeasuresuchasquantitiesaspositions,shape,velocity,force,torque,pressure,vibration,strain,andmass
5、.Electricalsensorsmeasurevoltage,current,charge,andconductivity.Magneticsensorsmeasuremagneticfield,flux,andpermeablity.Thermalsensorsmeasuretemperature,flux,conductivity,andspecialheat.Othertypesareacoustic,ultrasonic,chemical,optical,radiation,laser,andfiber-optic.Dependingonitsapplication,asen
6、sormayconsistofmetallic,nonmetallic,organic,orinorganicmaterials,aswellasfluids,gases,plasmas,orsemiconductors.Usingthespecialcharacteristicsofthesematerials,sensorscovertthequantityorpropertymeasuredtoanalogordigitaloutput.Theoperationofanordinarymercurythermometer,forexample,isbasedonthediffere
7、ncebetweenthethermalexpansionofmercuryandthatofglass.Similarly,amachinepart,aphysicalobstruction,orbarrierinaspacecanbedetectedbybreakingthebeamoflightwhensensedbyaphotoelectriccell.Aproximitysensor(whichsensesandmeasu
