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1、薄膜材料的表征方法(一)ANALYTICALTECHNOLOGIESOFTHINFILMS(1)譚永勝2004.11.1AbstractIntroductionGeneralideaandcategoryX-raydiffraction(XRD)X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy(XPS)Introduction薄膜(thinfilm)材料是相對(duì)于體材料而言的,是人們采用特殊的方法,在體材料的表面沉積或制備的一層性質(zhì)與體材料性質(zhì)完全不同的物質(zhì)層。Introduction在各種薄膜制備與使用過(guò)程中,普遍關(guān)心以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)薄膜的厚度測(cè)量;(2)薄膜結(jié)構(gòu)和
2、表面形貌的表征;(3)薄膜成分的分析。對(duì)于不同用途的功能薄膜材料,還需測(cè)量其電學(xué)、光學(xué)、聲學(xué)、力學(xué)、熱學(xué)、磁學(xué)等性質(zhì)。GeneralideaandcategoryGeneralidea:beaminandbeamout。通過(guò)探測(cè)出射粒子流的強(qiáng)度分布以及qm、E、θ、φ等參數(shù)來(lái)分析樣品的性質(zhì)。GeneralideaandcategoryA:elasticorinelasticscattering.B:emittedparticlesfromthesample.GeneralideaandcategoryGeneralideaandcategoryGeneralideaandcate
3、goryAES(Augerelectronspectroscopy)俄歇電子能譜LEED(lowenergyelectrondiffraction)低能電子衍射MEED(mediumenergyelectrondiffraction)中能電子衍射RHEED(reflectionhighenergyelectrondiffraction)反射高能電子衍射RBS(Rutherfoldbackscattering)盧瑟福背散射SEM(scanningelectronmicroscopy)掃描電子顯微鏡SIMS(secondaryionmassspectroscopy)二次離子質(zhì)譜TEM(
4、transmissionelectronmicroscopy)透射電鏡UPS(ultra-violetphotoelectronspectroscopy)紫外光電子譜XRD(x-raydiffraction)X射線衍射XPS(x-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy)X射線光電子譜STM(scanningtunnelmicroscopy)掃描隧道顯微鏡AFM(atomicforcemicroscopy)原子力顯微鏡GeneralideaandcategoryDepth:ellipticalpolarizationStructure:XRD、LEED、RHEED、
5、TEMComposition:XPS、UPS、AESSurfacetopography:SEM、SPMOptics:UV-VisElectricity:Hall、I-V、C-VX-raydiffractionTheprocessofX-ray.EX-raydiffractionX-raydiffraction布喇格定律:Cu原子Kα線:X-raydiffraction對(duì)不同的晶體,其晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和原子間距不同,因而晶面間距也不同.X-raydiffraction右圖為晶面指數(shù)示意圖,對(duì)立方晶系:X-raydiffractionXRDspectraofKBrpowderX-raydiff
6、ractionXRDspectraofZnO(002)peakdepositedonglass.2θ=34.40,accordingtoZnO(002)peakX-raydiffractionTheintensityofthepeakX-raydiffractionScherrerequation:ThefullwidthathalfmaximumX-raydiffractionThestrainandstressalongthec-axis:X-raydiffractionX-raydiffraction小結(jié)用途:分析晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。原理:Bragg定律。特點(diǎn):a.可分析晶體取向以及結(jié)
7、晶程度。b.空間分辨本領(lǐng)較低。X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopyPhotoelectriceffect:ElectronSpectroscopyforChemicalAnalysis(ESCA)X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopyAtypicalspectrumofsilver.X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopyTheintensityofaXPSpeakisgivenby:Relativea