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1、薄膜材料的表征方法(一)ANALYTICALTECHNOLOGIESOFTHINFILMS(1)譚永勝2004.11.1AbstractIntroductionGeneralideaandcategoryX-raydiffraction(XRD)X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy(XPS)Introduction薄膜(thinfilm)材料是相對于體材料而言的,是人們采用特殊的方法,在體材料的表面沉積或制備的一層性質與體材料性質完全不同的物質層。Introduction在各種薄膜制備與使用過程中,普遍關心以下幾個方面:(1)薄膜的厚度測量;(2)薄膜結構和表面形
2、貌的表征;(3)薄膜成分的分析。對于不同用途的功能薄膜材料,還需測量其電學、光學、聲學、力學、熱學、磁學等性質。GeneralideaandcategoryGeneralidea:beaminandbeamout。通過探測出射粒子流的強度分布以及qm、E、θ、φ等參數(shù)來分析樣品的性質。GeneralideaandcategoryA:elasticorinelasticscattering.B:emittedparticlesfromthesample.GeneralideaandcategoryGeneralideaandcategoryGeneralideaandcategoryAE
3、S(Augerelectronspectroscopy)俄歇電子能譜LEED(lowenergyelectrondiffraction)低能電子衍射MEED(mediumenergyelectrondiffraction)中能電子衍射RHEED(reflectionhighenergyelectrondiffraction)反射高能電子衍射RBS(Rutherfoldbackscattering)盧瑟福背散射SEM(scanningelectronmicroscopy)掃描電子顯微鏡SIMS(secondaryionmassspectroscopy)二次離子質譜TEM(transmiss
4、ionelectronmicroscopy)透射電鏡UPS(ultra-violetphotoelectronspectroscopy)紫外光電子譜XRD(x-raydiffraction)X射線衍射XPS(x-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy)X射線光電子譜STM(scanningtunnelmicroscopy)掃描隧道顯微鏡AFM(atomicforcemicroscopy)原子力顯微鏡GeneralideaandcategoryDepth:ellipticalpolarizationStructure:XRD、LEED、RHEED、TEMCompositi
5、on:XPS、UPS、AESSurfacetopography:SEM、SPMOptics:UV-VisElectricity:Hall、I-V、C-VX-raydiffractionTheprocessofX-ray.EX-raydiffractionX-raydiffraction布喇格定律:Cu原子Kα線:X-raydiffraction對不同的晶體,其晶體結構和原子間距不同,因而晶面間距也不同.X-raydiffraction右圖為晶面指數(shù)示意圖,對立方晶系:X-raydiffractionXRDspectraofKBrpowderX-raydiffractionXRDspect
6、raofZnO(002)peakdepositedonglass.2θ=34.40,accordingtoZnO(002)peakX-raydiffractionTheintensityofthepeakX-raydiffractionScherrerequation:ThefullwidthathalfmaximumX-raydiffractionThestrainandstressalongthec-axis:X-raydiffractionX-raydiffraction小結用途:分析晶體結構。原理:Bragg定律。特點:a.可分析晶體取向以及結晶程度。b.空間分辨本領較低。X-r
7、ayphotoelectronspectroscopyPhotoelectriceffect:ElectronSpectroscopyforChemicalAnalysis(ESCA)X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopyAtypicalspectrumofsilver.X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopyTheintensityofaXPSpeakisgivenby:Relativea