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1、InterlanguageWhatstartedSLAresearchgoingasadisciplineinitsownrightwastherealizationthatpeoplesuchasLadoandWeinreichhadbeenover-simplisticinL2learningonlyasarelationshipbetweentheL1andtheL2.AlearnerataparticularpointintimeisinfactusingalanguagesystemwhichisneithertheL1northeL2.Describingitinte
2、rmsoftheL1andtheL2missesthedistinctivefeaturesofL2learning:athirdlanguagesystemisinvolved—thatoftheL2learner—whichalsoneedstobedescribed.Inotherwords,theindependentgrammarsassumptionappliestoL2learningaswellastofirstlanguageacquisition,inthiscaseinvolvingindependencefrombothL1andL2.Nemser(197
3、1)capturedthisinsightthroughtheterm‘a(chǎn)pproximativesysterm’:‘Learnerspeechatagiventimeisthepatternedproductofalinguisticsystem,La[approximativelanguage],distinctfromLs[sourcelanguage]andLt[targetlanguage]andinternallystructured’.AnapproximativesystemhassomepropertiespresentinneithertheL1northeL
4、2.Thisapproximativesystemgraduallyapproachesthetargetlanguage,althoughitseldommergeswithittotally;sometimesitreachesastableplateau.(Nemser1971).“Interlanguage”,oftenabbreviatedtoIL,wasthetermintroducedbyLarrySelinker(1972)thatbecamewidelyacceptedfortheL2learner’sindependentlanguagesystem.Inde
5、edatonestage‘interlanguage’was10effectivelythenameforthewholefieldofL2research,aswitnessedthe1970sjournalInterlanguageStudiesBulletinthatbecameSecondLanguageResearchinthe1980s.Selinkeremphasizednotjusttheexistenceofinterlanguagebutalsowhereitcamefrom.Helookedforitsoriginintheprocessthroughwhi
6、chthemindacquiresasecondlanguage.L2learningdiffersfromthefirstlanguageacquisitioninthatitisseldomcompletelysuccessful;5percentofL2learnershave‘a(chǎn)bsolutesuccess’inhisview.TheL2fossilizesatsomepointshortoftheknowledgeofthenativespeaker.Selinker(1972)proposedthelucky5percentofthesuccessfulL2learn
7、erstakeadvantageofa‘latentlanguagestructure’inthemindlikethatusedinthefirstlanguageacquisition,thatistosaytheLAD.The95percentoflearnerswhoarelesssuccessfulrelyona‘psychologicalstructure’also‘latentinthebrain’and‘a(chǎn)ctivatedwhenoneattemptstolear
