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1、1.Anthropologistsandothersareonmuchfirmergroundwhentheyattempttodescribetheculturalnormsforasmallhomogeneoustribeorvillagethanwhentheyundertaketheformidabletaskofdiscoveringthenormsthatexistinacomplexmodernnation-statecomposedofmanydisparategroups.相對(duì)于參與發(fā)現(xiàn)存在發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、由許多不同群體組成的現(xiàn)代民族國(guó)家
2、的文化規(guī)范的這項(xiàng)艱巨任務(wù),當(dāng)人類(lèi)學(xué)家和其他學(xué)者試圖去描述一個(gè)規(guī)模較小且差別不大的部落或村莊的文化規(guī)范時(shí),他們能夠基于更加堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。2.Notonlyarelivertransplantsneverrejected,buttheyeveninduceastateofdonor-specificunresponsivenessinwhichsubsequenttransplantsofotherorgans,suchasskin,fromthatdonorareacceptedpermanently.肝臟移植不僅從沒(méi)有被排斥,而且肝臟移植甚至?xí)l(fā)出一種捐助
3、者特定的無(wú)反應(yīng)狀態(tài)。在這種狀態(tài)下,從那個(gè)供給者得來(lái)的其他器官的移植,例如皮膚移植,會(huì)被永久的接受。3.Therolethoseanthropologistsascribetoevolutionisnottheroleofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstrains—waysoffeeling,thinking,andactingthat“comenaturally”inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.那些人類(lèi)學(xué)家認(rèn)為生物進(jìn)化的作用不在于決定人類(lèi)行為
4、的具體細(xì)節(jié)而在于限制人類(lèi)行為—諸如在任何文化的典型情景中,人類(lèi)的情感、思維和行為方式都能“自然流露出來(lái)”。1.Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet(netphytoplankton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplankton(nannoplankton)thatwenowknowthatgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoad
5、e-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.許多初始研究?jī)H僅考慮同一大小的海藻,這些大小恰好能夠用網(wǎng)撈起來(lái)的海藻(網(wǎng)采浮游生物)。上述研究方法沒(méi)有將更小的浮游生物考慮在內(nèi)(超微浮游生物),然而現(xiàn)在我們知道食草動(dòng)物主要依靠超微浮游生物為生。因此,這個(gè)事實(shí)導(dǎo)致了在后續(xù)研究中對(duì)食草動(dòng)物的作用的忽視。2.Intheperiodsofpeakzooplanktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer,Haneyrecordedmaximumdailycomm
6、unitygrazingrates,fornutrient-poorlakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentofdailyphytoplanktonproductionandtherateof114percentofdailyphytoplanktonproduction.浮游生物的數(shù)量在晚春和夏季達(dá)到頂峰。在此期間,Haney記錄到:在營(yíng)養(yǎng)匱乏的湖泊中,食草動(dòng)物的每日最大捕食量是其浮游生物的每日繁殖量的百分之六點(diǎn)六;然而,在沼澤湖泊中,食草動(dòng)物的每日最大捕食量是其浮游生物的每日繁殖量的百分之一百一十四。3.Ho
7、wever,recentscholarshiphavestronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctivelyPuritan,suchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulse,werenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawhole,butthoseaspectswerelargelyconfinedtothecoloniesofMassachus
8、ettsandConnecticut.但是,最近的學(xué)術(shù)研究強(qiáng)烈表明