中醫(yī)英語常用語

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WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯中醫(yī)英語常用語（一）中醫(yī)方劑名稱的翻譯方法從目前的翻譯實踐來看，方劑名稱均可以音譯。如“麻黃湯”可譯為MahuangDecoction，“桂枝湯”可譯為GuizhiDecoction。也有的將劑型也予以音譯。但也有不少人采用直譯或意譯的方式翻譯方劑名稱。但在具體翻譯時有的采用英語翻譯方劑名稱中的中藥名（如將“桂枝湯”譯為CinnamonTwigDecoction），有的則采用拉丁語翻譯（如將“桂枝湯”譯為RamulusCinnamoniDecoction）。有關中藥名稱的翻譯問題，請參見第二十課的有關內容。就直譯和意譯而言，方劑名稱的翻譯可以有如下一些方式：１．以方中君藥命名的方劑譯式為：主藥名＋劑型名，如“麻黃湯”可譯為HerbaEphedraeDecoction或EphedraDecoction。２．以主治病證命名的方劑譯式為：病證名＋劑型名，如“疝氣湯”可譯為HerniaDecoction。３．以動物命名的方劑譯式為：動物名＋劑型名，如“白虎湯”可譯為WhiteTigerDecoction，“青龍湯”可譯為BlueDragonDecoction。４．以借喻法命名的方劑譯式為：借喻物＋劑型名，如“碧玉散”可譯為JasperPowder，“玉女煎”可譯為JadeMaidenDecoction。５．以功效命名的方劑譯式為：功效＋劑型名，如“溫脾湯”可譯為Spleen-WarmingDecoction或Decoction--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯forWarmingtheSpleen。６．以服藥時間命名的方劑譯式為：時間＋劑型名，如“雞鳴散”可譯為Rooster-CrowingPowder，“雞蘇散”可譯為Rooster-WakingPowder。７．以主藥加功效命名的方劑譯式為：主藥＋劑型名＋for＋功效，如“朱砂安神丸”可譯為Cinnabaris（或Cinnabar）DecoctionforTranquilizingtheMind，“黃連解毒湯”可譯為RhizomaCoptidis（或Coptis）DecoctioinforRelievingToxin。8．以顏色命名的方劑譯式為：顏色+劑型名，如“桃花湯”可譯為PeachBlossomDecoction，“紫雪丹”可譯為Purple-SnowBolus。9．以加減方式命名的方劑譯式為：君藥+劑型名+plus（加）或minus（減）+加上或減去的藥物名稱，如“桂枝加（減）芍藥湯”可譯為RamulusCinnamoni（或CinnamonTwig）DecoctionPlusRadixPaeoniae（或Peony）。10．以方中所含諸藥數加功效命名的方劑譯式為：所含諸藥數+劑型名+for+功效，如“五味消毒飲”可譯為Five-IngredientDecoctionforEliminatingToxin。（三）中醫(yī)方劑常見劑型及其翻譯中醫(yī)方劑劑型比較多，現就其主要種類與譯法分述如下：1．湯劑：Decoction2．散劑：Powder3．丸劑：可譯為Bolus（大丸藥）、Pellet--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯（小丸藥）或Pill（1）蜜丸：HoneyedBolus（2）水丸：WaterPellet（3）糊丸：PastePill（4）濃縮丸：CondensedPellet4．膏劑：Paste,Ointment,Plaster,Salve（1）流浸膏：LiquidExtract（2）浸膏：Extract（3）煎膏：DecoctedPaste（4）軟膏：Ointment,Paste（5）硬膏：Plaster5．丹劑：與丸劑同，只因多用精練藥品或貴重藥品制成，所以稱丹不稱丸。6．酒劑：Vinum7．茶劑：MedicinalTea8．藥露：Syrup9．錠劑：Lozenge,Pastille,Troche10．糖漿劑：Syrup11．片劑：Tablet12．沖服劑：Granule13．針劑：Injection14．栓劑：Suppository15．膠囊劑：Capsule（二）中藥藥性的翻譯1．Amongthesematerials,flowers,herbsandtrees--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯aretheonesmostfrequentlyused,thatiswhyChinesemateriamedicaiscalledChinesemedicinalherbs.在這些藥物中，大多數是、草和樹木，所以中藥又稱為中草藥。2．TheChinesemedicinalherbsarecharacterizedbyfourproperties(cold,heat,warmandcool)andfivetastes(sour,bitter,sweet,acridorpungent-spicyandsalty).中草藥具有寒、熱、溫、涼四種不同的藥性（即四氣）和酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五種不同的味道（即五味）。3．Herbssuchaspreparedaconiteroot(Fuzi),whichrelievecoldsyndromes,arecharacterizedaswarmorhot.象附子這樣能解除寒證的草藥性屬溫熱。4．Whenthetasteisnotobvious,itisknownasblandortasteless.味道不明顯的草藥為淡味或無味。5．Also,someherbsarecharacterizedasastringent.還有一些藥物具有收澀的作用。6．Herbsthathaveadispersingfunctionarepungent-spicy.辛味之藥具有宣散作用。7．Herbsmaybecold,slightlycoldandverycold;--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯bitter,slightlybitterandverybitter;etc.藥物或者為寒、微寒和大寒；或者為苦、微苦和苦甚。8．Thefunctionaltendenciesofherbsaremarkedbyascending,descending,floatingandsinking.藥物的作用趨勢為升降沉浮。9．Herbsthatascendandfloatmoveupwardandoutward;theypromotesweating,raiseyang,causevomitingandopentheorifices.具有升浮作用的藥物有發(fā)汗、升陽、涌吐和開竅的功效。10．Herbsthatdescendandsinkmovedownwardandinward,conductqidownward,promoteurinationanddefecation,subdueyangandcalmthemind.具有降沉作用的藥物有行氣、通便、潛陽和安神的功效11．Inaddition,processingandpreparationmaychangethetasteandpropertyoftheherbandinfluenceitsfunctionaltendencies.另外，炮制有可能改變藥物的性味和影響藥物的作用趨向。12．Aherbmayselectivelyactuponaparticularpartofthebodytorelievepathogenicchangeinspecificmeridiansandorgans.一個藥物可以有選擇性地作用于人體的某一特定部位以消除某一經絡或器官的病變。13．Themeridiansthataherbentersdependonthecorrespondingsymptomsrelieved.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯一個藥物歸于何經取決于它所祛除之癥狀。14．IntheChineseMateriaMedica,thewords“toxic,nontoxic,verytoxicorslightlytoxic”oftenappear.在《中華本草》一書中，“有毒、無毒、有大毒或有小毒”等詞經常出現。15．Nooverdoseoftoxicherbsshouldbegivenasthismayleadtosideeffects.使用有毒的藥物時不要多量，以免帶來副作用。（三）中醫(yī)治則的翻譯方法1．Diaphoresis,alsoknownasexterior-relievingmethod,isatherapeuticmethodusedtoopenthemuscularintersticesandrelieveexteriorsyndromewiththeherbsforrelievingtheexteriorandinducingsweating.汗法，也叫解表法，是運用解表發(fā)汗的方藥，開泄肌腠，解除表證的一種治療方法。2．Italsocanbeusedtotreatedemaseriousabovethewaist,earlystageofcarbuncleandulceraswellasinhibitederuptionofmeasleswiththesamemanifestationsmentionedabove.本法也可以用以治療水腫病腰以上腫甚、瘡瘍病初起，以及麻疹透發(fā)不暢等具有上述證候者。3．Diaphoresisiseitherinducedbyherbsacridin--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯tasteandwarminnatureorbyherbsacridintasteandcoolinnature.汗法有辛溫發(fā)汗和辛涼發(fā)汗之分。4．themethodofnourishingyintoinducesweating滋陰發(fā)汗5．thetherapyofsupportingyangtoinducesweating助陽發(fā)汗6．Emesisisatherapeuticmethodusedtodirectpathogenicfactorsortoxicmaterialstobevomitedoutthroughthemouth.吐法是引導病邪或有毒物質，使之從口涌吐而出的一種治療方法。7．Emetictherapyisusuallyusedtotreatstheniasyndromewithurgencytovomitoutthingsretainedinside.吐法常用以治療病情急迫而必須迅速吐出積滯的實證。8．Purgationisatherapeuticmethodusedtodischargefeces,eliminateretentionofsubstanceandfluidinsidethebodyandrelieveaccumulationofsthenia-heatwiththeprescriptionsandherbseffectiveforcatharsis.下法是運用具有瀉下作用的方藥，通過瀉下大便，攻逐體內結滯和積水，并解除實熱蘊結的一種治療方法。9．Mediationisatherapeuticmethodusedfor--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯eliminatingpathogenicfactorsandsupportinghealthyqi.和法是祛除病邪扶助正氣的一種治療方法。10．Thistherapyisusedtotreatavarietyofsyndromes,suchasshaoyangsyndromemarkedbyalternativechillsandfeverinthesemi-exteriorandsemi-interiorphase;irregularmenstruationduetodisharmonybetweentheliverandstomachandstagnationofliverqi;abdominalpainanddiarrheaduetohyperactivityoftheliverandastheniaofthespleen.這一療法應用范圍廣，如往來寒熱于半表半里的少陽證，肝胃不和、肝氣郁結所致的月經不調，以及肝旺脾虛的腹痛、瀉泄等。11．Clinicallymediationisdividedintofourtypes:mediatingshaoyang,relaxingtheliverandharmonizingthestomach,regulatingtheliverandspleen,andregulatingtheintestinesandstomach.臨床上和法分為四種：和解少陽，適用于邪在半表半里之間的少陽證；舒肝和胃，適用于肝氣犯胃，胃失和降；調和肝脾，適用于肝脾失調；調和腸胃，適用于邪在腸胃，寒熱互見。12．Warmingtherapy,alsoknownascold-eliminatingtherapy,isatherapeuticmethodusedtoeliminatepathogeniccoldandinvigorate--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯yangqiwiththeprescriptionsandherbswarmandhotinnature.溫法，也叫祛寒法，是運用性質溫熱的方藥，以祛除寒邪和補益陽氣的一種治療方法。13．Clinicallywarmingtherapyisdividedintothreetypes:warmingthemiddletoeliminatecold,resolvingphlegmandretentionoffluidbywarmingandrestoringyangtorescuecollapse.臨床上溫法分為三類：溫中祛寒、溫化痰飲、回陽救逆。14．Warmingtherapyalsoincludessuchtherapeuticmethodsaswarmingthelungtoresolvefluidretention,warmingthekidneytopromotewatermetabolism,warmingmeridiansandtheliverandwarmingthestomachtoregulateqi.溫法還包括溫肺化飲、溫腎利水、溫經暖肝、溫胃利氣等。15．Heat-clearingtherapyisatherapeuticmethodusedtoclearawayheatbymeansofreducingfire,removingtoxinandcoolingbloodwiththeprescriptionsandherbscoldandcoolinnature.清法是運用性質寒涼的方藥，通過瀉火、解毒、涼血等作用，以清除熱邪的一種治療方法。16．Heat-clearingtherapyisclinicallydividedintofourtypes:clearingawayheattoreducefire,clearingawayheattoremovetoxin,clearingawayheatatying--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯phasetocoolblood,andnourishingyintoclearawayheat.臨床上清法分為四類：清熱瀉火、清熱解毒、清營涼血、養(yǎng)陰清熱。17．Resolutionisatherapeuticmethodusedtoremovetheretentionoffoodandeliminatestagnationwithherbseffectiveforpromotingdigestion.消法是運用助消化、導食滯的方藥，以消積導滯的一種治療方法。18．Clinicallyresolutionisdividedintothreetypes:promotingdigestiontoeliminatefoodretention,removingmassandresolvingaccumulationandregulatingqitoresolvestasis.臨床上消法分為三類：消食導滯、消痞化積、行氣消瘀。19．Otherresolvingtherapiesincluderesolvingphlegmtoremovefluidretention,resolvingwatertosubsideswellingandsofteninghardnesstoresolvestagnation.消法還包括消痰化飲、消水散腫及軟堅散結。20．Invigoratingtherapyisatherapeuticmethodusedtotreatastheniaandweaknessbymeansofsupplementingessence,bloodandbodyfluidwiththeprescriptionsandherbseffectivefortonifyingandreinforcingthebody.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯補法是運用滋養(yǎng)強壯作用的方藥，以補充精、血、津液等物質，消除虛弱證候的一種療法。21．Clinicallyinvigoratingtherapyisdividedintofourtypes:invigoratingqi,tonifyingblood,invigoratingyin,invigoratingyang.臨床上補法分為五類：補氣、補血、補陰、補陽。（四）病機病癥翻譯1.Pathogenesisreferstothemechanisminvolvedintheoccurrence,developmentandchangesofdisease.病機即疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展與變化的機理。2．Suchacombatbetweenhealthyqiandpathogenicfactorsdamagestherelativeequilibriumbetweenyinandyanginthebody,orleadstodysfunctionofthevisceraandmeridians,orresultsindisturbanceofqiandblood,whichconsequentlybringonvariouslocalorgeneralpathologicalchanges.正邪相爭破壞了人體陰陽的相對平衡，或使臟腑、經絡功能失調，或使氣血功能紊亂，從而產生全身或局部的多種多樣的病理變化。3．Althoughdiseasesarevariousandclinicalmanifestationsarecomplicated,thepathogenesis,ingeneral,involvesnomorethansuchfactorsassuperabundanceordeclinebetweenhealthyqiand--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯pathogenicfactors,imbalancebetweenyinandyang,disorderofqiandbloodaswellasdysfunctionofthevisceraandmeridians.盡管疾病的種類繁多，臨床征象錯綜復雜，但總離不開邪正盛衰、陰陽失調、氣血失常、經絡和臟腑功能紊亂等病機變化的一般規(guī)律。4．Inthiscasethehealthyqiisdifficulttolaunchanintensestruggleagainstpathogenicfactorsandeventuallyleadstoanastheniasyndrome.在這種情況下，正氣難以有力抗擊邪氣，引起虛證。5．Theclinicalmanifestationsofastheniasyndromearespiritualandphysicallassitude,lusterlesscomplexion,palpitationandshortnessofbreath,spontaneoussweating,nightsweating,orfeverishsensationoverfivecenters(palms,solesandchest),oraversiontocoldandcoldlimbsandweakpulse,etc.虛證的臨床表現是神疲體倦、面容憔悴，心悸氣短，自汗，盜汗，五心煩熱，畏寒肢冷，脈虛無力等。6．Undersuchacondition,theconflictbetweenhealthyqiandpathogenicfactorsisintenseandbringsonastheniasyndrome.在這種情況下，邪正之爭激烈，導致實證。7．Theclinicalmanifestationsofstheniasyndromeareprofusephlegm,indigestion,accumulationoffluidanddampness,interiorretentionofbloodstasis,--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯highfever,mania,highandcoarsevoice,unpalpableabdominalpain,constipation,dysuriaandpowerfulpulse,etc.實證的臨床表現是壯熱，狂燥，聲高氣粗，腹痛拒按，二便不通，脈實有力等8．Thepathologicalchangesofimbalancebetweenyinandyangmainlyincluderelativepredominance,relativedecline,mutualconsumption,mutualrejectionanddepletionofyinandyang.陰陽失調的病理變化包括陰陽偏勝、陰陽偏衰、陰陽的護損、陰陽的格拒和陰陽的亡失。9．“exuberanceofpathogenicfactorsleadstosthenia”“邪氣盛則實”10．ThatiswhyitissaidinSuWenthat“predominanceofyangcausesexternalheat”.所以《素問》說：“陽盛則外熱”。11．Relativedeclineofyinandyangreferstoastheniasyndromebecause“l(fā)ossofessenceleadstoasthenia”.陰陽的偏衰指的是“精氣奪則虛”的虛證。12．Relativedeclineofyangismainlycausedbycongenitaldeficiency,orpostnatalmalnutritionandendogenousimpairmentduetooverstrain,orprolongedillnessconsumingyangqi.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯陽偏衰主要由先天稟賦不足，或后天飲食失養(yǎng)和勞倦內傷，或久病損傷陽氣所致。13．Thecausesofrelativedeclineofyinarevarious,suchaspathogenicfactorsofyangnatureimpairingyin,firetransformedfromextremechangesofemotionsdamagingyinandprolongedillnessconsumingyin.陰偏衰多由陽邪傷陰，或因五志過極，化火傷陰，或因久病耗傷陰液所致。14．Theusualsymptomscausedbyrelativedeclineofyinarefeverishsensationoverthefivecenters(palms,solesandchest),bone-steaming,tidalfever,flushedcheeks,emaciation,nightsweating,drymouthandthroatandreddishtonguewithscantycoatingaswellasthin,rapidandweakpulse.陰偏衰的常見癥狀為五心煩熱、骨蒸、潮熱、面赤、消瘦、盜汗、口干咽燥、舌紅少苔、脈細數無力等。15．Mutualconsumptionmeansthattheastheniaordeficiencyofyinoryangaffectsitsopponent,consequentlybringingonsimultaneousastheniaofbothyinandyang.互損指的是陰或陽任何一方的虛損影響及相對的一方，形成陰陽兩虛的病機。16．Theastheniaofyinleadingtoastheniaofyangisknownasyinconsumingyangandtheastheniaof--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯yangresultinginastheniaofyiniscalledyangconsumingyin.陰虛而導致陽虛稱為陰損及陽，陽虛導致陰虛稱為陽損及陰。17．Theformerreferstoamorbidstatemarkedbyastheniaofbothyinandyangresultingfromyinastheniaduetolossofyin-fluidthatmakestheproductionofyangqideficient.前者指陰液虧損累及陽氣化生不足，形成以陰虛為主的陰陽兩虛病理狀態(tài)。18．Thelatterreferstoamorbidstatemarkedbyastheniaofbothyinandyangresultingfromastheniaofyangthataffectstheproductionofyin-fluid.后者指陽氣虛累及陰液的化生，從而形成以陽虛為主的陰陽兩虛病理狀態(tài)。19．Mutualrejectionbetweenyinandyangmeansthattheextremesuperabundanceofeitheryinoryangstagnatesinsideandrejectsitsopponent,consequentlybringingoncomplicatedpathologicalphenomenasuchastruecoldandfalseheatortrueheatandfalsecold.陰陽格拒指陰或陽的一方偏勝至極，因而壅遏于內，將另一方排斥格拒于外，從而出現真寒假熱或真熱假寒等復雜的病理現象。20．Superabundanceofyinrejectingyang,also--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯knownasrejectionofyang,meansthatinteriorexuberanceofyindrivesyangtofloatexteriorly,clinicallyleadingtosuchfalse-heatsymptomsasflushedcheeks,dysphoricfever,thirstandlargepulse.陰盛格陽，又稱格陽，指陰寒之邪壅盛于內，逼迫陽氣浮越于外的病理狀態(tài)，臨床表現為面紅、煩熱、口渴、脈大等假熱之象。21．Exuberanceofyangrejectingyin,alsoknownasrejectionofyin,meansthatinteriorpredominanceofpathogenicheatstagnateyangandpreventsitfromreachingthelimbs,clinicallyresultinginsuchfalse-coldsymptomsasdeepcoldsensationofthelimbsandsunkenpulse.陽盛格陰，又稱格陰，指熱邪內盛，陽氣被遏，不能外達于肢體，臨床表現為四肢逆冷、脈象沉伏等假寒之象。22．Lossofyinoryangreferstoacriticalmorbidstateduetosuddenandexcessivelossofyin-fluidoryangqi.陰陽亡失指機體的陰液或陽氣的突然大量亡失，導致生命垂危的一種病理狀態(tài)。22．Lossofyinisfrequentlycausedbysuperabundanceofpathogenicheatorprolongedretentionofpathogenicheatthatscorchesyin-fluid,orbyotherfactorsthatexcessivelyconsumesyin-fluid.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯亡陰常由熱邪熾盛，或邪熱久留，大量灼陰液所致，也可由其它因素大量耗損陰液而致。23．“fiveendogenouspathogenicfactors”內生五邪（五）有關痰的翻譯1.Theexperiencewasunique,attimeshardortrying—yettakenasawhole,invaluableandenriching.(在該院的)經歷是不同尋常的,雖然有時艱難或者難堪,但總的來說是很有價值的和豐富的。2.IntraditionalChinesemedicine,theterm“phlegm”hastwomeanings.Inanarrowsense,itisthatsubstancewhichoneexpectorates.Inabroadersense,itisthesubstancewhichcanlodgeinthemeridiansandorgans,manifestingasphlegmsyndromes.在中醫(yī)里，痰有兩層意思。狹義的痰指的是由喉嚨咯出的痰;廣義的痰指的是可以停滯在經絡和器官里并引起痰證的痰。3.Theproductionofphlegmismainlyassociatedwithadysfunctioninthetransformation,transportationandeliminationoffluidresultingfromdisordersofthelungs,spleenandkidneys.Phlegmisaprogressionofdampness,butisheavierandthicker--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯thandampness,andevenmorelikelytocauseblockageandobstruction.Phlegmisboththeresultandcauseofdisharmony.痰的生成主要與肺脾和腎臟病變引起的運化和排泄水液功能失調有關。痰是濕之甚,但比濕厚重,甚至更易于引起阻滯和閉塞。痰既是失調的結果,有時失調的原因。4.Thespleenissaidtoformphlegm,andthelungsaresaidtostoreit.Phlegmmaybeboththecauseandresultofthefailureofthedispersinganddescendingfunctionofthelungs.脾是生痰之源,肺為儲痰之器。肺失宣降可以引起痰，痰也可以導致肺失宣降。5.Thiscanmanifestasfullnessanddistensionintheepigastrium,borborygmus,loosestools,lethargy[?leθ?d?i:],andgeneralizedheavysensation.這可以表現為胃脘部脹滿,腸鳴,便溏,昏睡,及全身困重。6.Deficiencyofkidneyyangmayleadtoadysfunctioninthetransformationofwater,causingwatertofloodupward,andresultingintheformationofphlegm.腎陽虛可導致水濕運化失常,從而引起水液上泛,形成痰液。7.Exophthalmicgoiterisaconditionmarkedbyprotrusionoftheeyeballs,increasedheartaction,enlargementofthethyroidgland,weightloss,--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯nervousness,finetremoroftheextendedfingersandtongue,alteredbowelactivity,heatintolerance,andexcessivesweating.眼球突出性甲狀腺的特征是眼球突出,心跳加快，甲狀腺增大，體重下降，緊張,指端微微顫動,大便失常,惡熱,多汗等。8.IntraditionalChinesemedicine,thisconditionisregardedasarisingfromemotionaldistressorfrustration,whichmaycausestagnationoftheliverqiandspleenqiandtheaccumulationofphlegm.在中醫(yī)里，這中病理狀態(tài)被看作是情志不遂所致,可引起肝脾之氣郁結及痰液聚積。9.If,inaddition,thisprolongedstagnationoftheqihastransformedintofire,theremaybedamagetotheheartyinwithirritability,mentalrestlessness,andpalpitations.另外，如果氣郁化火,則可傷心陰,癥見易怒,心煩和心悸等。(六)八綱相關翻譯1．Themanifestationsofdiseases,thoughcomplicated,canbegeneralizedintocertainpatternsinthelightoftheeightprinciples.疾病的表現盡管極其復雜，但基本上都可以用八綱加以歸納。--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯2．SoitissaidinSuWen“theexperienceddiagnosticiansinspectcomplexionandtakepulsetodifferentiateyinandyangfirst.”所以《素問》說：“善診者，察色按脈，先別陰陽?！?．Generallyspeaking,anysyndromesthatcorrespondto“yin”innaturearetermedyinsyndromes,suchasinteriorsyndrome,coldsyndromeandastheniasyndrome;whileanysyndromesthatcorrespondto“yang”innaturearetermedyangsyndromes,suchasexteriorsyndrome,heatsyndromeandstheniasyndrome.一般地講，凡符合“陰”的屬性的證候稱為陰證，如里證、寒證、虛證等；凡符合“陽”的屬性的證候稱為陽證，如表證、熱證、實證等。4．lyingwiththekneesdrawnup蜷臥5．Thedifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtotheexteriorandinteriorsyndromesisapplicabletoexogenousdiseasesforthepurposeofdetectingthedepthoftransmissionandthedevelopmentofpathologicalchanges.表里辨證適用于外感病，可察知病情的輕重深淺及病理變化的趨勢。6．Interiorpenetrationoftheexogenouspathogenicfactorsindicatesprogressofthedisease--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯whileexteriorwithdrawaloftheendogenouspathogenicfactorssuggestsrecedingofthedisease.表邪入里為病進，里邪出表為病退。7．Theinteriorsyndrome,usuallyseenatthemiddleandlatestagesofexogenousdiseasesorendogenousdiseases,isusuallycausedbyinteriortransmissionoftheunrelievedexogenouspathogenicfactorsintotheviscera,orbydirectinvasionofexogenouspathogenicfactorsintotheviscera,orbyimpairmentoftheviscerabyemotionalfactors,improperdietandoverstrain.里證多見于外感病的中后期或內傷病，一般由外邪不解內傳入里，侵犯臟腑所致，或外邪直接侵犯臟腑而成，或情志內傷，飲食勞倦等因素直接損傷臟腑。8．Thatiswhatimpliedinthestatementof“predominationofyanggeneratingheatandpredominationofyingeneratingcold”.這就是“陽盛則熱，陰盛則寒”的含義。9．floatingwhitishcomplexion[k?m?plek??n]（面色）晄白10．blandtasteinthemouth口淡11．profuseandclearurine小便清長--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯12．interiorpenetrationofheattransformedfrompathogeniccold,orheattransformedfromextremechangesofemotions,orheataccumulatingfromimproperdiet寒邪化熱入里，或七情過激，郁而化熱，或飲食不節(jié)，積蓄為熱。13．scantyandbrownishurine小便短赤14．Astheniameansinsufficiencyofhealthyqiandstheniameansexuberanceofpathogenicfactors.虛指正氣不足，實指邪氣盛實。15．Astheniasyndrome,includingastheniaofyin,yang,qi,blood,essence,bodyfluidandtheviscera,iscausedeitherbycongenitalinsufficiencyorpostnatalmalnutrition.虛證包括陰、陽、氣、血、精、津，以及臟腑等各種不同的虛損，由先天不足和后天失調所引起。16．However,themaincauseofastheniasyndromeisusuallythepostnatalmalnutrition,suchasweaknessofthestomachandspleenduetoimproperdiet,impairmentofvisceralqiandbloodduetoemotionalfactorsandoverstrain,consumptionofkidneyessenceduetoexcessivesexualactivityanddamageofhealthyqiduetoprolongedillnessorimpropertreatment.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯但虛證主要還是由后天失調所引起，如飲食失調、后天不固；七情勞倦，內傷臟腑氣血；房室過度，耗傷腎臟元真之氣；或久病失治療誤治等。17．palewhitishorsallow[?s?l??]complexion,面色淡白或萎黃18．light-coloured,bulgyandtendertongue舌淡胖嫩19．feverishsensationoverthefivecenters(palms,solesandchest)五心煩熱20．unpalpableabdominalpain腹痛拒按21．Thoughclassifiedintodifferentcategories,theyareinseparableandinterconnected.八綱雖然可以分為不同的類型，但實際上是相互關聯的，不可截然分開。(七)望診Inspectionofcomplexionmeanstoobservethefacialchangesincolourandluster.Generallyspeaking,reddishcomplexionindicatesheatsyndromes;whitishcomplexionindicatescoldandastheniasyndrome;yellowishcomplexionindicatesasthenia[?s?θi:nj?]（虛弱）anddampnesssyndromes;bluishcomplexionsuggestspainandcoldsyndrome,bloodstasis[?steisis]（停滯）andconvulsion[k?n?v?l??n]--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯（驚厥、抽搐）;andblackishcomplexionshowsastheniaofthekidney,bloodstasisandfluidretention[ri?ten??n]（阻滯）.（八）脈象Floatingpulse(FuMai):Exteriorsyndrome(floatingandforcefulpulseindicatingexteriorstheniasyndromewhilefloatingandweakpulseindicatingexteriorastheniasyndrome);Deeppulse(ChenMai):Interiorsyndrome(deepandforcefulpulseindicatinginteriorstheniasyndromewhiledeepandweakpulseindicatinginteriorastheniasyndrome);Slowpulse(ChiMai):Coldsyndrome(slowandforcefulpulseindicatingcold-stheniasyndromewhileslowandweakpulseindicatingasthenia-coldsyndrome);Rapidpulse(ShuoMai):Heatsyndrome(rapidandforcefulpulseindicatingsthenia-heatwhilerapidandweakpulseindicatingasthenia-heat);Weakpulse(XuMai):Astheniasyndrome(oftenastheniaofbothqiandblood);Forcefulpulse(ShiMai):Stheniasyndrome;Slipperypulse(HuaMai):Retentionofphlegmandfood,sthenia-heat;Astringentpulse(SeMai):Consumptionofessence,--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯deficiencyofblood,stagnationofqiandstasisofblood;Fullpulse(HongMai):Exuberanceofheatandpathogenicfactors;Thinpulse(XiMai):Astheniaofyin-bloodanddampness;Softpulse(RuMai):Variousconditionsofastheniaanddampness;Tautpulse(XianMai):Liverandgallbladderdisease,variouskindsofpainproblems,phlegmandretentionoffluid;Tensepulse(JinMai):Painandcold;Rapidirregularintermittentpulse(CuMai):Sthenia-heatduetoexuberanceofyang,phlegm,retentionoffluidandfood;Knottedpulse(JieMai):Qistagnationduetopredominationofyin,phlegmstagnationandbloodstasis;Slowregularintermittentpulse(DaiMai):Declinationofvisceralqi,windandpainsyndrome,frightandtraumaticinjury.1．TraditionalChinesemedicineholdsthat,withtheoppositionandunityrelationshipsthebodykeepsadynamicequilibriumbetweentheinternalandexternalenvironmentsandthevisceraandthetissuesdueto--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯therelationshipsofoppositionandunityamongthem.（八）病因中醫(yī)學認為，人體各臟腑組織之間，以及人體與外界環(huán)境之間，既對立又統(tǒng)一，維持著相對的動態(tài)平衡。2．Pathogenicfactorsarevarious,suchasabnormalchangesofweather,infectionofpestilence,mentalstimulation,improperdiet,overstrain,traumaduetoheavyload,injurycausedbyfalling,incisedwoundandinsectoranimalbites,etc.病邪多種多樣，如氣候的異常、疫癘的傳染、精神刺激、飲食勞倦、持重努傷、跌仆金刃外傷，以及蟲獸所傷等等。3．Duringthecourseofadisease,thecauseandeffectareofteninteractingwitheachother.Theeffectatacertainpathologicalstagemayturnintocauseandviceversa.在疾病過程中，原因和結果是互相作用著的，在某一病理階段中是結果的東西，在另一階段中則可能成為原因。4．InSuWen,forexample,itsays:“Thepathogenicfactorsoriginateeitherfromtheyinaspectoryangaspect.Thosefromtheyangaspectarecausedbywind,rain,coldandsummer-heat;whilethosefromtheyinaspectarecausedbyimproperdietandlivingconditionsaswellassexual--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯activityandemotionalchanges.”比如，《素問》中說：“夫邪之生也，或生于陰，或生于陽。其生于陽者，得之風雨寒暑。其生于陰者，得之飲食居處，陰陽喜怒?！?．“Diseasesareexclusivelycausedbythreekindsofpathogenicfactors.Thefirstgroupareendogenousfactorscausedbyinvasionofexogenouspathogenicfactorsintotheviscerafromthemeridians;thesecondgrouparetheonesattackingtheskinandbringingonstagnationofthevesselsthatconnectthefourlimbsandnineorifices;andthethirdgrouparetheinjuriescausedbysexualactivity,incisedwoundandinsectandanimalbites.”“千般災難，不越三條，一者，經絡受邪入臟腑，為內所因也；二者，四肢九竅，血脈相傳，壅塞不通，為外皮膚所中也；三者，房室、金刃、蟲獸所傷?！?．IntheJinDynasty,TaoHongjingalsosummarizedthecausesofdiseasesintothreecategories,namely“endogenousfactors,exogenousfactorsandothers”.在晉代，陶弘景將病因歸納為三類，即“一為內疾，二為外發(fā)，三為它犯。”7．Inordertodistinguishthemfromthesixexogenouspathogenicfactors,theyarecalled“fiveendogenouspathogenicfactorsorfiveendogenous--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯evils”,namelyendogenouswind,endogenouscold,endogenousdampness,endogenousdrynessandendogenousfire.為了將其區(qū)分開來，它們被稱為“內生五邪”，即內風、內寒、內濕、內燥、內火。8．Sinceabnormalchangeofemotionsisthemajorfactorcausinginternalproblems,itistermed“internalinjuryduetosevenemotions”.由于情志異常是造成內傷病的主要原因，所以稱為“內傷七情”。9．ThatiswhyitissaidinSuWenthat“angerimpairstheliver”;”excessivejoyimpairstheheart”;“excessivecontemplationimpairsthespleen”;“anxietyimpairsthelung”;and“frightorfearimpairsthekidney”.這就是為什么《素問》中說“怒傷肝”；“喜傷心”；“憂傷肺”；“思傷脾”；“驚恐傷腎”。10．Itisalsosaidthat“angerdrivesqitoflowupward;joymakesqisluggish;griefconsumesqi;feardrivesqitoflowdownward…frightdisordersqi…andovercontemplationstagnatesqi.”“怒則氣上；喜則氣緩；悲則氣消；恐則氣下……驚則氣亂……思則氣結?！?1．However,improperdietorpartialityindietfrequentlyleadstodiseases.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯但飲食不節(jié)或偏食常可引起疾病。12．“Phlegm”notonlyreferstosputumexpectoratedfromthethroat,butalsoincludesscrofula,nodulesandthethickliquidsubstanceretainedorstagnatedinthevisceraandmeridians.“痰”不僅僅指從喉嚨咯吐出來的痰，也包括瘰疬、痰核和停滯在臟腑經絡等組織中而未被排出的痰液。13．Bloodstasiscanbecausedeitherbyastheniaandstagnationofqi,blood-coldandblood-heatorbyendogenousandexogenousinjuryorextravasationofbloodduetoblood-heat.瘀血或由氣虛、氣滯、血寒、血熱等原因所造成，或由內外傷或血熱妄行等原因所引起。（九）血1．InSuWen,itsaysthat“themiddleenergizerreceivesqi(foodnutrients),takesthejuiceandtransformsitintoredliquidknownasblood”《素問》說：“中焦受氣取汁，變化而赤，是謂血?！?．LingShusaysthat“Yingqiseparatesitsliquid,infusesitintothevesselsandtransformsitintobloodtonourishthefourlimbsandtheviscera.”《靈樞》說：“營氣者，泌其津液，注之于脈，化以為血；以榮四末，內注五臟六腑……”3．nourishandmoisten[?m??s?n]thewholebody.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯營養(yǎng)和滋潤全身。4．IntheChapteroftheGenerationoftheFiveZang-OrgansinSuWen,itsays:“Withthenourishmentofblood,theliverisabletomaintainnormalvision;withthenourishmentofblood,thefeetareabletowalk;withthenourishmentofblood,thepalmsareabletogripobjects;withthenourishmentofblood,thefingersareabletograsp”.《素問?五臟生成篇》說：“肝受血而能視，足受血而能步，掌受血而能握，指受血而能攝?！?．Thenourishingandmoisteningfunctionsaresignifiedbysuchmanifestationsasruddycomplexion,well-developedandstrongmuscles,lustrousskinandhairaswellasnimbleandflexiblesensationandmovement.血的營養(yǎng)和滋潤的生理功能主要體現在面色的紅潤、肌肉的豐滿和壯實、皮膚和毛發(fā)的潤澤有華、感覺和運動的靈活自如等方面。6．Insufficiencyofbloodorcontinuousexcessiveconsumptionofbloodorhypofunctionofbloodinnourishingandmoisteningthebodywillinevitablyleadtosuchgeneralorlocalpathologicalchangesasvertigo[?v?:t??g??],blurredvision,paleorsallow[?s?l??]complexion,dryhairorskin,numbnessoflimbsorextremities.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯血的生成不足或持久地過度耗損，或血的營養(yǎng)和滋潤作用減弱，均可引起全身或局部血虛的病變，出現頭昏目花、面色不華或萎黃、毛發(fā)干枯、肌膚干燥、肢體或肢端麻木等臨床表現。7．SoitissaidinSuWenthat“bloodandqiconstitutethespiritofmanandmustbecarefullynourished.”所以《素問》說：“氣血者，人之神，不可不謹養(yǎng)?！?．ThatiswhyitissaidinLingShuthat“harmonyofbloodandsmoothnessofthevesselsarekeytothenormalstateofthespirit.”這就是為什么《靈樞》說：“血脈和利，精神乃居。”9．Sincethepumpingoftheheartpropelsbloodtocirculate,itsaysinSuWenthat“theheartdominatesthebloodvessels.”由于心臟的搏動推動血液的運行，所以《素問》說：“心主身之血脈?！?0．Thedispersionandconnectionwithvariousvesselsofthelungaswellasthedredgingandreleasingfunctionsoftheliverarealsoessentialfactorsinpromotingthecirculationofblood.肺的宣發(fā)和朝百脈，肝的疏泄等，是推動和促進血液運行的重要因素。11．Thefunctionofthespleentocommandbloodandthefunctionofthelivertostorebloodarethe--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯keyfactorsinkeepingthebloodcirculatinginsidethevesselandpreventingitfromextravasating.脾的統(tǒng)血和肝的藏血等，是固攝血液、防止外溢的重要因素。12．Clinicallyfourtypesofblooddisordersarecommonlyencountered,namelybloodasthenia[?s?θi:nj?],bloodstasis,blood-heatandblood-cold.臨床常見的血病證候有血虛、血瘀、血熱和血寒等四種。13．Bloodastheniareferstoasyndromemarkedbygeneralweaknessduetoconsumptionorinsufficiencyofbloodandmalnutritionofthewholebody.血虛證是血液虧虛，臟腑百脈失養(yǎng)，表現全身虛弱的證候。14．Theclinicalmanifestationsofbloodastheniaarepaleorsallowcomplexion,light-colouredlipsandnails,dizziness,palpitation[p?lpi?tei?(?)n](心悸),insomnia,numbness[?n?mn?s](麻木)ofhandsandfeet,light-colouredandscanty[?sk?nti:]（稀少的）menstruation,delayedmenstruationoramenorrhea,light-colouredtonguewithwhitishcoating,thinandweakpulse.血虛的臨床表現為面白無華或萎黃，唇色淡白，爪甲蒼白，頭暈眼花，心悸失眠、手足發(fā)麻，婦女經血量少色淡，衍期甚或閉經，舌淡苔白，脈細無力。15．Theclinicalmanifestationsofbloodstasisare--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯fixedandunpalpablestabbingpain,oftenaggravatedinthenight;bluishcolorationifthemassissuperficial;hardmassifitisintheabdomen;repeatedhemorrhagewithblackishcolorandbloodclotorpitch-likestool;blackishcomplexion,squamousanddryskin,purplish[?p?:pli?]（略帶紫色的）lipsandnails,orsubcutaneouspurplishmaculae,orvisibleveinsovertheabdomen,amenorrhea[ei?men??ri:?]（閉經）inwomen,purplishandgrayish[?ɡreii?]（略帶灰色的）tongue,orecchymosisandpetechia,thinandunsmoothpulse.血瘀的臨床表現為疼痛如針刺刀割，痛有定處，拒按，常在夜間加劇。腫塊在體表者，色呈青紫；在腹內者，堅硬按之不移。出血反復不止，色澤紫暗，中加血塊，或大便色黑如柏油。面色黧黑，肌膚甲錯，口唇爪甲紫暗，或腹部青筋外露。婦女常見經閉。舌質紫暗，或見瘀斑瘀點，脈象細澀。16．Blood-heatreferstoasyndromeofsuperabundanceoffireandheatinthevisceraandinvasionofheatintoblood-phase.血熱證，是臟腑火熱熾盛，熱迫血分所表現的證候。（十）氣1．QiisaconceptionsignifyingarudimentaryunderstandingofthenaturalphenomenaintheancienttimesinChina.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯氣的概念反映了古代中國人對自然現象的一種樸素的認識。2．“thehumanbeingswereproducedbytheinteractionbetweentheterrestrialqiandthecelestialqiinaccordancewiththevariationsofthefourseasons”“人以天地之氣生，四時之法成。”3．“thecombinationofterrestrialqiandcelestialqihasgivenrisetotheexistenceofthehumanbeings.”“天地合氣，命之曰人?！?．“Theskyprovidesmenwithfivekindsofqiandtheearthprovidesmenwithfivekindsofflavors.Thefivekindsofqienterthebodythroughthenoseandstayintheheartandthelung,sothatthecomplexionislustrousandthevoiceissonorous;thefivekindsofflavorsenterthebodythroughthemouthandstayintheintestinesandstomachtoproducenutrientsubstancetonourishthefivekindsofqi.”“天食人以五氣，地食人以五味。五氣如鼻，藏于心肺，上使五色修明，音聲能彰；五味入口，藏于腸胃，味有所生，以養(yǎng)五氣。”5．Qiinthehumanbodyisderivedfromcongenitalqiinheritedfromtheparents,foodnutrientsthefoodtransformedbythespleenandstomachandfreshairinhaledfromthenaturalworld--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯bythelung.人體的氣，來源于稟受父母的先天之精氣、飲食物中的營養(yǎng)物質和存在于自然界的清氣。6．Becausethecongenitalqidependsontheessence-storingfunctionofthekidneytoperformitsphysiologicalaction;foodnutrientsreliesonthetransportingandtransformingfunctionsofthespleenandstomachtoderivefromthefood;andthefreshairinthenaturalworlddependsonthelungtoinhaleintothebody.因為先天之精以來于腎藏精氣的生理功能，才能充分發(fā)揮先天之精的生理效應；水谷之精氣依賴于脾胃的運化功能，才能從飲食物中攝取而化生；存在于自然界的清氣，則依賴于肺的呼吸功能，才能吸入。7．“bloodflowswithwarmthandcoagulateswithcold.”“血得溫而運，得寒而凝?！?．“Excessofqiindicatesheatwhiledeficiencyofqisuggestscold.”“氣實者，熱也；氣虛者，寒也?！?．ThatiswhyitissaidinSuWenthat“onlywhenqiinthebodyisdeficientcanpathogenicfactorsinvadethebody.”所以《素問》說：“邪之所湊，其氣必虛。“10．Ifqifailstocontrolblood,itmayleadsto--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯variouskindsofhemorrhage;ifqifailstocheckbodyfluid,itmayresultinspontaneoussweating,profuseurineorincontinenceofurine,drooling,regurgitationofclearwateranddiarrhea;ifqifailstoastringesperm,itmaybringonseminalemission,spermatorrheaandprospermia.如氣不攝血，可導致各種出血；氣不攝津，可導致自汗、多尿或小便失禁、流涎、泛吐清水、泄瀉滑脫；氣不固精，可出現遺精、滑精和早泄等。11．“Withouttheactivitiesofcominginandgoingout,therewillbenosuchprocessesofbirth,growth,maturity,aginganddeath;withouttheactivitiesofascendinganddescending,therewillbenopossibilityofsprouting,growth,transformation,reapingandstorage.”“故非出入，則無以生長壯老已；非升降，則無以生長化收藏。“12．Itderivesfromthecongenitalessencestoredinthekidneyanddependsonnutrientsoffoodtonourish.元氣主要來自于腎所藏的精氣，又依賴后天水谷精氣的培養(yǎng)。13．ThephysiologicalfunctionsofZongqiaretoflowthroughtherespiratorytracttopromoterespirationandrunthroughtheheartvesselsto--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯promotethecirculationofqiandblood.宗氣的主要生理功能是走息道以行呼吸和貫心脈以行氣血。14．ButunlikeYingqi,itflowsoutsidethevesselsandisactiveinnatureandrapidincirculation.不象營氣，衛(wèi)氣運行于脈外，活動性強，流動迅速。15．“Yingqitransformsintoliquid,infusingintothevesselsandtransformingintobloodtonourishthefourextremitiesintheexteriorandthevisceraintheinterior.”“榮氣者，泌其津液，注之于脈，化以為血，以榮四末，內注五臟六腑?！?6．Itsphysiologicalfunctionsareprotectingthebodysurfaceagainstexogenouspathogenicfactors,warmingandnourishingtheviscera,musclesandtheskinaswellascontrollingtheopeningandclosingoftheporestoadjusttheexcretionofsweat.其生理功能為護衛(wèi)肌表防御外邪入侵；溫養(yǎng)臟腑、肌肉、皮毛等；調節(jié)控制腠理的開合和汗液的排泄。（十一）五臟1．Forexample,theliverpreferstogrowfreelyanddislikesdepression,soitpertainstowood;theheartpumpsbloodtowarmthebody,therebyitpertainstofire;thespleenisresponsiblefortransformingandtransportingcerealnutrientstoallpartsofthebody,--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯thusitpertainstoearth;thelungismarkedbythefunctionsofpurificationanddescending,forthatreasonitpertainstometal;thekidneyisinchargeofstoringessenceandgoverningwater,thereforeitpertainstowater.肝喜條達而惡抑郁，故以肝屬木；心陽有溫煦的之功，故以心屬火；脾有運化水谷，輸送精微，營養(yǎng)五臟六腑、四肢百骸之功，故以脾屬土；肺具清肅之性，肺氣以肅降為順，故肺屬金；腎有藏精、主水等功能，故以腎屬水。2．Theassignmentofthefiverzang-organstothefiveelementsnotonlyhaveexpoundedthefunctionalfeaturesofthefivezang-organs,butalsohaveelucidatedtheintrinsicrelationshipsamongthephysiologicalfunctionsofthefivezang-organs.五臟的五行歸屬，不僅闡明了五臟的功能特性，而且還說明了臟腑生理功能的內在聯系。3．Theliverpromotingtheheartmeanswoodgeneratingfire,suchastheliverstoringbloodtosupplementtheheart;theheartpromotingthespleenmeansfiregeneratingearth,suchasheartyangwarmingthespleen;thespleenpromotingthelungmeansearthgeneratingmetal,suchas“theessencedistributedbyspleenqiflowingupwardintothelung”;thelungpromotingthekidneymeansmetalgeneratingwater,suchasdownwardflowingof--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯pulmonaryqisupplementingthekidneywater;thekidneypromotingthelivermeanswatergeneratingwood,suchasthekidneystoringessencetonourishingbloodintheliver;etc.肝生心就是木生火，如肝藏血以濟心；心生脾就是火生土，如心陽以溫脾；脾生肺就是土生金，如“脾氣散精，上歸于肺”；肺生腎就是金生水，如肺金肅下行以助腎水；盛生肝就是水生木，如腎藏精以滋養(yǎng)肝的陰血等等。4．Themanifestationsofthemutualrestrictingrelationshipamongthefivezang-organsalsocanbesummarizedaccordingtowhatisdescribedintheChapterofDiscussionontheGenerationoftheFiveZang-OrgansinSuWen:“thedominatoroftheheart…isthekidney”;“thedominatorofthelung…istheheart”;“thedominatorofthespleen…istheliver”;“thedominatorofthekidney…isthespleen”.“Dominator”actuallymeans“restriction”or“restraint”.五臟相互制約關系在《素問?五臟生成論》中被描述為：“心……其主腎也”；“肺……其主心也”；“脾……其主肝也”；“腎，其主脾也”?！爸鳌睂嶋H上指制約，也就是相克。5．Sincethehumanbodyisanorganicwholeandthereexistbothinter-promotingandinter-restrictingrelationshipsamongtheviscera,whenoneinternalorganisafflicted,otherorgansandtissuesmayget--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯involved.Suchaninvolvementisknownas“transmissionandchange”intraditionalChinesemedicine.由于人體是一個有機的整體，五臟之間存在著相生相克的關系，一個臟器受邪，其它臟器和組織也將受累。這種情況在中醫(yī)上被稱作“傳變”。6．“disorderofthemother-organinvolvingthechild-organ”and“disorderofthechild-organaffectingthemother-organ”.“母病及子”、“子病犯母”。7．Clinically“insufficiencyofessenceandbloodintheliverandkidney”(thisisduetothefactthatthekidneyessencebecomesdeficientfirstandthencausesinsufficiencyofliverblood,consequentlybringingaboutinsufficiencyofessenceandbloodintheliverandkidney)and“failureofwatertonourishwood”(thekidneywatergetsinsufficientfirstandfailstonourishliverwood,eventuallyleadingtoastheniaofliverandkidneyyinandhyperactivityofliveryang)areallthemanifestationsof“disorderofthemother-organinvolvingthechild-organ”.臨床上常見的“肝腎精血不足”（這是由于先有腎精不足，然后累及肝臟，而致肝血不足，從而形成肝腎精血不足）和“水不涵木”（由于先有腎水不足，不能滋養(yǎng)肝木，從而形成肝腎陰虛，肝陽上亢）都屬母病及子的范圍。--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯8．Clinicallyastheniaofheartandliverblood(thisisbecausesufficiencyofheartbloodappearsfirstandtheninvolvestheliver,leadingtoinsufficiencyofliverblood)andsuperabundanceofheartandliverfire(thisisbecausesuperabundanceofheartfireappearsfirstandthenaffectstheliver,givingrisetotheproductionofliverfire)areallthemanifestationsof“disorderofthechild-organaffectingthemother-organ”.臨床上常見的心肝血虛（這是由于先有心血不足，然后累及肝臟，而致肝血不足，從而形成心肝血虛）和心肝火旺（由于先有心火旺盛，然后累及肝臟，引動肝火，從而形成心肝火旺）都屬子病犯母的范圍。9．Transmissionfollowingtheinter-restrictingorderinvolvestwoaspects:“over-restricting”and“counter-restricting”whichindicatedisorderscausedbyabnormalrestriction.相克傳變包括兩個方面：“相乘”和“相侮”，均屬于不正常的相克。10．IntheChapterofMajorDiscussionontheMotionoftheFiveElementsinSuWen,itissaid:“Whenoneelementisinsuperabundance,itbringstheonethatitdominatesundercontrolandcounter-restrictstheonethatitnormallyinferiorto;whenoneelementisindeficiency,itwillbe--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯over-restrictedbytheonethatitisnormallyinferiortoandcounter-restrictedbytheonethatitnormallydominates.”《素問?五運行大論》說：“氣有余，則制己所勝而侮所不勝，其不足，則己所不勝，侮而乘之；己所勝，輕而侮之?！?1．Forinstance,apatientwithbluishcomplexionaccompaniedbypreferenceforsourtasteandtautpulsesuggestsliverdisease;apatientwithreddishcomplexionaccompaniedbybittertasteinthemouthandfullpulseindicateshyperactivityofheart-fire;apatientwithspleenastheniaappearsbluishincomplexionindicatessubjugationofearthbywood;andapatientwithheartdiseaseappearsblackishincomplexionindicatesrestrictionoffirebywater;etc如面見青色，喜食酸味，脈見弦象，可以診斷為肝病；面見赤色，口味苦，脈象洪，可以診斷為心火亢盛；脾虛的病人，面見青色，為木來乘土；心臟病人，面見黑色，為水來克火，等等。12．Clinicallythetherapeuticprinciplesmadeaccordingtothistheoryareknownas“toreinforcethemother-organincaseofasthenia(ordeficiency)andtopurge(orreduce)thechild-organincaseofsthenia(orexcess)”mentionedinthesixty-ninthchapterofNanjing(CanonofDifficulties).--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯臨床上根據這一理論確立的治療原則在《難經?六十九難》中被稱為“虛則補其母，實則瀉其子”。13．Enrichingwatertonourishwood:Thisisamethodisusedtonourishkidneyyintoconserveliveryin,alsoknownasnourishingthekidneytostrengthentheliverandapplicabletothetreatmentofconsumptionofkidneyyinwithinsufficiencyofliveryinandrelativehyperactivityofliveryang.滋水涵木法：是滋養(yǎng)腎陰以養(yǎng)肝陰的方法，又稱為滋腎養(yǎng)肝法，適用于腎陰虧損而肝陰不足，以及肝陽偏亢之證。14．Supplementingfiretoreinforceearth:Thisisamethodusedtowarmkidneyyangandsupplementspleenyang,alsoknownasmethodforwarmingthekidneytostrengthenthespleenandapplicabletoinactivationofspleenyangduetodeclinationofkidneyyang.益火補土法：是溫腎陽以補脾陽的一種方法，又稱為溫腎健脾法，適用于腎陽式微而致脾陽不振之證。15．Enrichingearthtogeneratemetal:Thisisamethodusedtosupplementthespleentonourishqi,alsoknownasamethodforsupplementingandnourishingspleenandlung,applicabletoweaknessofthelungandspleenduetohypofunctionofthespleenandstomach.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯培土生金法：是用補脾益氣以補益肺氣的方法，又稱為補養(yǎng)脾肺法，適用于脾胃虛弱，不能滋養(yǎng)肺臟而肺虛脾弱之證。16．Mutualgenerationbetweenmetalandwater:Thisisamethodusedtotreatasthenia(ordeficiency)oflungandkidneyyin,alsoknownassupplementingthelungtonourishthekidney.金水相生法：是滋養(yǎng)肺腎陰虛的一種方法，又稱為補肺滋腎法。17．Suppressingwoodandsupportingearth:Thisisamethodusedtotreathyperactivityoftheliverandweaknessofthespleen,alsoknownassoothingtheliverandharmonizingthestomach,applicabletothetreatmentofsubjugationofearthbyhyperactivityofwoodandfailureofwoodtosootheearth.抑木扶土法：是治療肝旺脾虛的一種方法，又稱為平肝和胃法，適用于木旺乘土，木不疏土之證。18．Consolidatingearthtocontrolwater:Thisisamethodusedtotreataccumulationandretentionofwateranddampnesswithherbsforwarmingandactivatingspleenyangorwarmingthekidneytostrengthenspleen,applicabletoedema,distensionandfullnessduetoinactivationofthespleen.培土制水法：是用溫運脾陽或溫腎健脾藥以治療水濕停聚為病的一種方法，適用于脾虛不運所致的水腫脹滿之證。19．Reinforcingmetaltosoothewood:Thisisamethodforpurifyinganddescendingpulmonaryqito--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯suppressliverwood,clinicallyusedtotreatrelativesuperabundanceofliver-fire.佐金平木法：是清肅肺氣以抑制肝木的一種治療方法，臨床上多用于肝火偏盛，影響肺氣清肅之證。20．Reducingthesouthandsupplementingthenorth:Thisisamethodforreducingheart-fireandenrichingkidneywater,applicabletodisharmonybetweentheheartandkidneyduetoinsufficiencyofkidneyyinandrelativesuperabundanceofheart-fire.瀉南補北法：是瀉心火滋腎水的一種方法，適用于腎陰不足，心火偏旺，水火不濟，心腎不交之證。1．Thatiswhythefiveelementswereoriginallycalled“fivematerials”.這就是為什么五行最早被稱為“五材”。2．ItissaidinZuoZhuan(Zuo`sInterpretationoftheSpringandAutumnAnnals):“Natureproducesfivekindsofmaterialsandpeopledependonthesematerialstolive.Noneofthemcanbedispensedwith”.“天生五材，民并用之，廢一不可?！?．ShangShu,anotherclassicalwork,states:“Waterandfireareusedforcooking;metalandwoodareusedforcultivating;andearthisresponsiblefortheproductionofallthingsforpeopletouse.”--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯另一部經典著作《尚書》中說：“水火者，百姓之所飲食也；金木者，百姓之所興作也；土者，萬物之所資生，是為人用?！?．Forinstance,woodischaracterizedbygrowingfreelyandperipherally.Soanythingwiththefunctionsofgrowing,ascendinganddevelopingfreelyisattributedtothecategoryofwood.Fireischaracterizedbyflamingup.Therebyanythingwiththefunctionsofwarmingandrisingisattributedtothecategoryoffire.Earthischaracterizedbycultivationandreaping.Soanythingwiththefunctionsofgenerating,transforming,supportingandreceivingisattributedtothecategoryofearth.Metalischaracterizedbychange.Henceanythingwiththefunctionsofpurifying,descendingandastringingisattributedtothecategoryofmetal.Waterischaracterizedbymoisteninganddownwardflowing.Thereforeanythingwiththefunctionsofcooling,moisteningandmovingdownwardisattributedtothecategoryofwater.比如，木的特性被概括為“木曰曲直”，因而凡具有生長、升發(fā)、條達舒暢作用或性質的事物，均歸屬于木；火的特性被概括為“火曰炎上”，因此凡具有溫熱、升騰作用的的事物，均歸屬于火；土的特性被概括為“土爰稼穡”--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯，所以凡具有生化、承載、受納作用的事物，均歸屬于土；金的特性被概括為“金曰從革”，因此凡具有清潔、肅降、收斂等作用的事物，均歸屬于金；水的特性被概括為“水曰潤下”，所以凡具有寒涼、滋潤、向下運行的事物，均歸屬于水。５．Withanalogy,theyclassifiedalltheseintothefiveelementsaccordingtotheirnature,functionandform.　　　根據取類比象的原則，他們將所有這些（事物和現象）依其性質、功能和形式分歸五行。６．Themovementofthefiveelementsismainlycharacterizedbyinter-generation(orinter-promoting),inter-restriction(orinter-restraintorinteracting),over-restriction(orover-restraintorsubjugation),counter-restriction(orcounteractingorcounter-restraint)andmutualinteractionbetweenmother-organandchild-organ.　　五行之間的運動特點主要有相生、相克、相乘、相侮以及母子關系等。７．Inter-generationmeansthatonekindofobjectgenerates,strengthensorbringsforthanother…相生指這一事物對另一事物具有促進、助長和資生的作用。８．Eachofthefiveelementsismarkedbysuchrelationsas“beinggenerated”and“generating”.對于五行中的任何一“行”來說，都存在著“生我”和“我生”的關系。--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯９．Eachelementisthe“child”oftheelementthatgeneratesitandthe“mother”oftheoneitgenerates.Takewoodforexample.　　　每一行既是“我生”之“子”，又是“生我”之“母”。10．Inthiscircularorder,eachofthefiveelementsismarkedby“beingrestricted”and“restricting”.Forexample,theelementrestrictingwoodismetal,andtheelementthatisrestrictedbywoodisearth.　　對于五行中的任何一“行”來說，都存在著“克我”和“我克”的關系。11．Withoutgeneration,therewouldbenogrowthanddevelopment;withoutinter-restriction,therewillinevitablybehyperactivitythatconsequentlybringingaboutharm.無生則發(fā)育無由，無制則亢而為害。12．Counter-restrictionliterarilymeansthatthestrongonebulliestheweak.相侮，從字面上講就是依強欺弱。13．Itisamorbidconditioninwhichoneelementfailstorestricttheotherintheregularorder,butisrestrictedbytheotherinthereverseorder.在病理條件下，一行不能按正常順序克制另一行，反而被另一行轉而反克。14．“Interactionbetweenmotherandchild“referstoabnormalintergenerationinthefive--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯elements.“母子傳變”指五行中不正常的相生關系。15．Theinteractionbetweenthe“mother”and“child”includesboth“thediseaseofthemother-organinvolvingthechild-organ“and“diseaseofthechild-organaffectingthemother-organ.”.“母子傳變”包括“母病及子”和“子病犯母”兩個方面。（十二）陰陽1．Yinandyanggenerallyrefertotwooppositeaspectsofinterrelatedthingsorphenomenainthenaturalworld.陰陽是對自然界相互關聯的某些事物和現象對立雙方的概括。2．Thesidefacingthesunisyangandthereversesideisyin.向日為陽，背日為陰。3．“waterandfirearethesymbolsofyinandyang.”水火者，陰陽之征兆也。4．“YinandyangarewhatiscalledDao”“一陰一陽謂之道。”5．Ontheonehand,undercertainconditionsyin--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯maychangeintoyangandviceversa;andontheotherhand,anyphenomenonmaybeinfinitelydividedintoitsyinandyangaspects.一方面，在一定條件下，陰可以轉化為陽，陽也可以轉化為陰；另一方面，任何事物和現象都可以無限地分為陰陽兩個方面。6．“Yinandyangformthelawofheavenandearth(thenaturalworld),thefundamentalprinciplesofallthings,theparents(originators)ofchange,thebeginningofbirthanddeath...”陰陽者，天地之道也，萬物之綱紀，變化之父母，生殺之始本……”。7．Forinstance,inthenaturalworld,themotionsofcelestialbodies,thevariationsofthefourseasons,thealternationsofdaysandnights,aswellassproutinginspring,growinginsummer,reapinginautumnandstoringinwinter,arealltheconcretemanifestationsoftheunityandoppositionbetweenyinandyang.比如，自然界中的天體運動、四季變化，晝夜更替以及春生、夏長、秋收、冬藏等都是陰陽對立統(tǒng)一的具體表現。8．“Predominationofyinresultsinyangdiseasewhilepredominationofyangleadstoyindisease.”陰勝則陽病，陽生則陰病。9．So“ifonlyyangexist,therewillbenobirth;if--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯onlyyinexists,therewillnogrowth.”所以“孤陰不生，孤陽不長?！?0．Suchaninterdependencebetweenyinandyangisalsoreflectedintherelationshipbetweensubstanceandfunction.Thesubstancecorrespondstoyinandthefunctiontoyang.Thereby,thereisnosubstancewithoutfunctionandnofunctionwithoutsubstance.陰陽相互依存的關系也反應在物質與功能的關系中。物質屬陰，功能屬陽。所以沒有無功能的物質，也沒有無物質的功能。11．“Yinremainsinsidetoactasaguardforyang,whileyangstaysoutsidetoserveasaactorofyin”.“陰在內，陽之守也。陽在外，陰之使也。”12．However,whentheinterdependentrelationshipsbetweensubstances,betweenfunctionsaswellasbetweensubstancesandfunctionsareabnormal,lifeactivitieswillbebroken,thusbringingaboutdissociationofyinandyang,depletionofessence,andevenanendoflife.如果功能與功能、物質與物質以及物質與功能之間的關系失常，生命活動就會受到損害，從而導致陰陽離絕、精氣衰竭，甚至危及生命。13．Waningandwaxingbetweenyinandyang陰陽消長--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯14．waningofyinwillleadtowaxingofyangandviceversa陰消則陽長，陽消則陰長。15．Thisprocessiswhat“consumptionofyinleadingtogainingofyang(orwaningofyinandwaxingofyang)”means.這就是陰消則陽長的含義。16．Thisprocessiswhat“consumptionofyangleadingtothegainingofyin(orwaningofyangandwaxingofyin)”means.這就是陽消則陰長的含義。--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯17．Ingivenconditions,eitheryinoryangmaytransformintoitsoppositeside.在一定的條件下，陰陽可以各自向其相反的方向轉化。18．Ifweregardthewaningandwaxingrelationbetweenyinandyangisaprocessofquantitativechange,thentheinter-transformationbetweenyinandyangisaqualitativechange.如果將陰陽的消長看作是量變，那么陰陽的相互轉化就是質變。19．“extremeyingivesrisetoyang,whileextremeyanggivesrisetoyin”and“extremecoldbringsonheat,whileextremeheatbringsoncold”.Thatiswhyitissaidthat“thingswilldevelopintheoppositedirectionwhentheybecomeextreme.”“重陰必陽，重陽必陰”“寒極生熱，熱極生寒”。這就是“物極必反”的道理。20．Theinfinitedivisibilityofyinandyang陰陽的無限可分性21．“Yinandyanghavetheirnamesbutnoforms.Thusitcanbeextendedfromonetoten,fromtentoahundred,fromahundredtoathousand,fromathousandtotenthousand.”“故曰陰陽者，有名而無形，數之可十，推之可百，數之可千，推之可萬”22．“Thereisyinwithinyinandyangwithinyang.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯Fromdawntillnoontheistheyangwithinyang;fromnoontillduskisyinwithinyang;fromdusktillmidnightisyinwithinyin;frommidnighttilldawnisyangwithinyin.”“陰中有陰，陽中有陽。平旦至日中，天之陽，陽中之陽；日中至黃昏，天之陽，陽中之陰也；合夜至雞鳴，天之陰，陰中之陰也；雞鳴至平旦，天之陰，陰中之陽也”。（十三）中醫(yī)特點1．ThetheoreticalsystemoftraditionalChinesemedicinehadevolvedinthelongcourseofclinicalpracticeundertheguidanceofmaterialismanddialectics.Ithasoriginatedfrompracticeand,inturn,guidesthepractice.Thisuniquesystemoftheoryischaracterizedbytheconceptionoforganicwholenessandtreatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation.中醫(yī)學的理論體系是經過長期的臨床實踐，在唯物論和辯證法思想指導下，逐步形成的，它來源于實踐，反過來指導實踐。這一獨特的理論體系有兩個基本特點：一是整體觀念，二是辨證論治。2．Theconceptionoforganicwholenessreferstotheunityandintegritythehumanbodyitselfanditscloserelationshipwiththeouterworld.所謂整體觀念，即重視人體本身的統(tǒng)一性、完整性及其與自然界的相互關系。--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯3．TheunityofthebodyisrealizedthroughthedominantfunctionoftheheartwiththeassistanceofthesixFu-organsandthemeridiansthat“pertaintothevisceraintheinteriorandconnectwiththelimbsandjointsintheexterior”.機體整體統(tǒng)一性的形成，是以五臟為中心，配以六腑，通過經絡系統(tǒng)“內屬于腑臟，外絡于肢節(jié)”的作用而實現的。4．Theheartopensintothetongueandisinternallyandexternallyrelatedtothesmallintestine.Soulcerativestomatitiscanbetreatedbyclearingawayfireintheheartandpurgingthesmallintestine.心開竅于舌，心與小腸相表里，所以可用清心瀉小腸火的方法治療口舌糜爛。5．“drawingyinfromyanganddrawingyangfromyin;treatingtherightforcuringdiseaseontheleftandtreatingtheleftforcuringdiseaseontheright”and“needlingtheacupointsonthelowerpartofthebodyforthetreatmentofthediseaseontheupperpartandneedlingtheacupointsontheupperpartofthebodyforthetreatmentofthediseaseonthelowerpart.”“從陰引陽，從陽引陰，以右治左，以左治右”，“病在上者下取之，病在下者高取之”。6．Manlivesinthenaturalworldandthenaturalworldprovidesmanwithallthenecessities--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯indispensabletohisexistence.Ontheotherhand,thechangesinnaturecandirectlyorindirectlyaffectthehumanbody.人類生活在自然界中，自然界存在著人類賴以生存的必要條件。同時，自然界的變化又可以直接或間接地影響人體。7．Undertheinfluenceofsuchchanges,thelivingthingsontheearthwillalsochangesoastoadapttoenvironmentalvariation,generallymarkedbysproutinginspring,growinginsummer,transformationinlatesummer,ripenessinautumnandstorageinwinter.生物在這種氣候變化的影響下，就回有春生、夏長、長夏化、秋收、冬藏等響應的適應性變化。8．“Themuscularintersticesareopenwhenoneputsonmoreclothesinsummer,thatiswhythereissweating…themuscularintersticesareclosedwhenitbecomescold,thatiswhydampnesscannotbeexcretedandwaterisretainedinthebladdertoformurineortocauseretentionofurine”.“天暑衣厚則腠理開，故汗出……天寒則腠理閉，氣濕不行，水下留于膀胱，則為溺與氣。”9．However,mannotonlyactivelyadapttothechangesinnature,butalsostrivetoremouldnature.Suchanactiveattitudetowardnatureenablesmantoimprovethehealthandpreventdisease.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯人類不但能主動地適應自然，而且能主動地改造自然，從而提高健康水平，減少疾病。10．Syndromeisapathologicalgeneralizationofadiseaseatacertainstageinitscourseofdevelopment.Sinceitincludesthelocation,causeandnatureofthedisease,therelationbetweenpathogenicfactorsandhealthyqiaswellasthenatureofthepathologicalchangesofthediseaseatacertainstage,syndromecanmorecomprehensivelyandaccuratelyrevealthenatureofthedisease.證是機體在疾病發(fā)展過程中的某一階段的病理概括。由于它包括了病變的部位、原因、性質，以及邪正關系，反映出疾病發(fā)展過程中某一階段的病理變化的本質，因而它能更全面、更正確地揭示疾病的本質。11．“treatingthesamediseasewithdifferenttherapies”同病異治12．“treatingdifferentdiseaseswiththesametherapy”異病同治13．Suchatherapeuticprincipleisthegistofdifferentiatingsyndrometodecidetreatment.--學習資料分享---- WORD格式-專業(yè)學習資料-可編輯這一治療原則就是辨證論治的精神實質。14.Invasionofpathogenicheatintothepericardium邪熱內陷心包15.Themainphysiologicalfunctionsofthelungaretodominateqiandcontrolrespiration,governdispersinganddescendingactivitiesandregulatewaterpassage.--學習資料分享----