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1、ACritiqueofCompetitiveAdvantageJeremyKlein,ScientificGenerics,Cambridge,CB25GG,UK+441223875200,fax+441223875201jklein@scigen.co.ukStrategyStreamCriticalManagementStudiesConference,July2001ManchesterWhiletherehavebeencritiquesofspecifictypesofcompetitiv
2、eadvantagesuchasPorter’ssocalled‘genericstrategies’andofstrategyrecipestoachievetheseadvantages,thispaperseekstoproblematizetheconceptitself.Despiteitsubiquity,theconceptofcompetitiveadvantageissurprisinglyunder-defined.Atitsworst,itisnothingmorethanat
3、autology:successfulfirmsaresuccessfulbecausetheyhavecompetitiveadvantage,whichinturncannotbedefinedinanyotherwaythanasaqualitythatbringsaboutsuccess.Definingthepossessionintermsoftheoutcomeitproducespresentsontologicaldifficulties:bothincaseswhencompet
4、itiveadvantagesispositedexanteandinsituationswherethechainofcausalityiscontestable.Theuseofthetermcompetitiveadvantagehasobscuredtheneedtobetterunderstandcompetitionasdistinctfromstrategy.Thepaperidentifiessomedifferentmodalitiesofcompetitionandsuggest
5、sthatmostofthesearepoorlytheorized.Thecontingentnatureofthesemodalitiessuggeststhatcompetitionmightitselfbeahistoricallyspecificprocess,indicatingthatthefadsofstrategicthoughtmightreflectgenuinechangesinunderlyingcompetitiveprocesses.INTRODUCTION‘Compe
6、titiveadvantageisattheheartofafirm’sperformanceincompetitivemarkets.Afterseveraldecadesofvigorousexpansionandprosperity,however,manyfirmslostsightofcompetitiveadvantageintheirscrambleforgrowthandpursuitofdiversification.Todaytheimportanceofcompetitivea
7、dvantagecouldhardlybegreater.Firmsthroughouttheworldfaceslowergrowthaswellasdomesticandglobalcompetitorsthatarenolongeractingasiftheexpandingpiewerebigenoughforall.’ThusbeginsMichaelPorter’sbook‘CompetitiveAdvantage’(Porter,1985:xv),whettingourappetite
8、stofindoutsomemoreaboutthisthing–competitiveadvantage–thatissoimportant.Attemptinganelucidationofthisimportantconcept,afewpageslaterwereadthat‘Competitiveadvantagegrowsfundamentallyoutofthevalueafirmisabletocreateforitsbuyersthatexceeds
