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1、B.LiClockSynchronizationforWirelessSensorNetworks:ASurveyBharathSundararaman,UgoBuy,andAjayD.KshemkalyaniDepartmentofComputerScienceUniversityofIllinoisatChicago851SouthMorganStreetChicago,IL60607buy@cs.uic.eduMarch22,2005AbstractRecentadvancesinmicro-electromechanical(MEMS)techn
2、ologyhaveledtothedevelopmentofsmall,low-cost,andlow-powersensors.Wirelesssensornetworks(WSNs)arelarge-scalenetworksofsuchsensors,dedicatedtoobservingandmonitoringvariousaspectsofthephysicalworld.Insuchnetworks,datafromeachsensorisag-glomeratedusingdatafusiontoformasinglemeaningfu
3、lresult,whichmakestimesynchronizationbetweensensorshighlydesirable.Thispapersurveysandevaluatesexistingclocksynchronizationprotocolsbasedonapaletteoffactorslikeprecision,accuracy,cost,andcomplexity.Thedesignconsiderationspresentedherecanhelpdeveloperseitherinchoosinganexistingsyn
4、chronizationprotocolorinde?ninganewprotocolthatisbestsuitedtothespeci?cneedsofasensor-networkapplication.Finally,thesurveyprovidesavaluableframeworkbywhichdesignerscancomparenewandexistingsynchronizationprotocols.iContents1Introduction12Traditionalclocksynchronization22.1Motivati
5、on.................................................22.2Clocksindistributedsystems.......................................32.3Clockinaccuracies............................................32.4Clocksynchronizationprotocols.....................................42.4.1Remoteclockreadingm
6、ethod..................................42.4.2Timetransmissionmethod....................................62.4.3Offsetdelayestimationmethod.................................72.4.4Set-valuedestimationmethod..................................83Clocksynchronizationinwirelesssensornetwork
7、s103.1Challengesofsensornetworking.....................................103.1.1Limitedenergy..........................................103.1.2Limitedbandwidth........................................103.1.3Limitedhardware.........................................113.1.4Unstablenetwor
8、kconnections............................
