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1、ELECTRICPOWERRESEARCHINSTITUTEImpactsofWindGenerationIntegrationApril2011ImpactsofWindGenerationIntegrationExecutiveSummarySystemFlexibility:Needs,Availability,CostsWorldwide,severalpowersystemsalreadyarecopingwithlargeamountsThesuperpositionofwindpowerandexistinglo
2、adyieldsthecrucialofwindpower–upto20%oftheirannualenergyconsumption,variable“netload,”whichisdefinedastheloadminusthewind.andsometimesmorethan50%ofoff-peakpowerproduction.WindResearchfindingsandactualoperatorexperienceagreethattheinherentlyisvariable,difficulttoaccu
3、ratelypredict,andfrequentlyvariabilityofnetloadexceedsthatofthesystemwhenwindwasanti-correlatedwithelectricityload.Theoftenremotelocationofwindnotpresent,thusconfirmingtheneedforgreatersystemflexibilityresourcesrelativetoloadcentersrequirescost-effectivetransmission
4、.underconditionsofhighwindpenetration.Further,themostlyThus,integratingsignificantamountsofwindgenerationpresentsadiurnalpatternofonshorewindmeanswindresourcestendtopeakuniquechallengetothepowersystem,requiringadditionalflexibilitywhenloadisatitsminimum.Existingcomm
5、itmentconstraintswhilesimultaneouslyimposingadecreasedcapacityfactoronconven-imposedbythermoelectricbaseloadunitsmeansthatevenwithouttionalgeneratingunits.transmissionbottlenecks,windpowersometimeswouldbespilledtopreventminimumloadproblems.Thus,windrequiressystemThe
6、systemimpactsofwindpowerintegrationarehighlyvariable,pri-flexibilityintheformoframpingcapabilityandlowerminimummarilydependingonwindpenetration,existingtransmissioninfrastruc-load;moreflexiblesystemsshouldseealowerbalancingcostforture,andsystemoperatingflexibility.H
7、ighpenetrationofwindpoweriswind.Manysystemsalreadyhavealargedegreeofflexibilitywhichexpectedtoproducepowersystemimpactsthatcanbereducedthroughcanbeutilizedtointegratewind.smarterpowerplantinterconnection,transmissionandresourceplan-ning,andsystemandmarketoperations.
8、Flexibilityrequirementsforaccommodatingwindhingeupon:Theneedforadditionalsystemflexibility--thatis,theabilityofthe1)Windpenetrationsystemt
