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1、IllustratingR.JozsatheconceptofquantuminformationOverthepastdecade,quantuminformationtheoryhasdevelopedintoavigorous?eldofresearchdespitethefactthatquantuminformation,asapreciseconcept,isunde?ned.Indeed,theveryideaofviewingquantumstatesascarriersofsomekindofinformation(albeitu
2、nknowableinclassicalterms)leadsnaturallytointerestingquestionsthatmightotherwiseneverhavebeenasked,andcorrespondingnewinsights.Wediscusssomeillustrativeexamples,includingastrengtheningofthewell-knownno-cloningtheoremleadingtoapropertyofpermanenceforquantuminformation,andconsid
3、erationsarisingfrominformationcompressionthatre?ectonfundamentalissues.Introductionminimumerrorprobabilitycannotbezero;i.e.,thestatePerhapsthemostintriguingproductofquantumcannotbeperfectlyidenti?edbyanyphysicalprocess.iinformationtheoryistheconceptofquantuminformationInase
4、condway,maybeviewedasthecarrierofitself.Intheearly1990sCharlesBennettwasoneofthe“quantuminformation”which,althoughweleaveit?rstworkerstorecognizeandpromotethisnewconcept,unde?nedinmorefundamentalterms,weintuitivelythinkestablishingthefoundationsofanewsubject.Takenasofas“the
5、stateitself.”Quantuminformationisanewaprimaryingredient,quantuminformationcannotbeconceptwithnoclassicalanalog,anditisimportantde?ned,buttheviewpointitfostersisrichlysuggestive,todistinguishitfromthestateidentity.Forexample,leadingtonewinterestingquestionsandmodesofgivenaphysi
6、calrealizationofoneofthetwostatesiinterpretationforsomequantumprocesses.Inthispaperabove,quantumtheoryconsiderablyrestricts(inarichlyweexploreafewexamples.structuredway)theallowablemanipulationsthatwecanAquantumstatemaybeviewedasacarrierofperform,incontrasttowhatispossib
7、leifwearegiventheinformationintwofundamentallydifferentways.First,identityofi.Indeed,“beinggiventhequantumstate”imayberegardedascarryingtheclassicalinformationofisverydifferentfrombeinggivenanykindofclassicalthestateidentity.Asanexample,asendermayprepareinformation,andby
8、ananalogyofterminologyweapplyoneofthetwo(non-orthogonal)state
