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1、7HumanMemory?KerenSu/CorbisEncoding:GettingInformationintoMemorySystemsandTypesofMemoryTheRoleofAttentionDeclarativeVersusProceduralMemoryLevelsofProcessingSemanticVersusEpisodicMemoryEnrichingEncodingProspectiveVersusRetrospectiveMemoryStorage:MaintainingIn
2、formationinMemoryRe?ectingontheChapter’sThemesSensoryMemoryPERSONALAPPLICATION?ImprovingEverydayMemoryShort-TermMemoryEngageinAdequateRehearsalLong-TermMemoryScheduleDistributedPracticeandMinimizeInterferenceFEATUREDSTUDY?HowAccurateAreFlashbulbMemories?Enga
3、geinDeepProcessingandOrganizeInformationAreShort-TermMemoryandLong-TermMemoryReallySeparate?EnrichEncodingwithMnemonicDevicesHowIsKnowledgeRepresentedandOrganizedinMemory?CRITICALTHINKINGAPPLICATION?UnderstandingtheRetrieval:GettingInformationOutofMemoryFall
4、ibilityofEyewitnessAccountsUsingCuestoAidRetrievalTheContributionofHindsightBiasReinstatingtheContextofanEventTheContributionofOvercon?denceReconstructingMemoriesandtheMisinformationE?ectRecapSourceMonitoringandRealityMonitoringPracticeTestForgetting:WhenMem
5、oryLapsesHowQuicklyWeForget:Ebbinghaus’sForgettingCurveMeasuresofForgettingWhyWeForgetTheRecoveredMemoriesControversyInSearchoftheMemoryTrace:ThePhysiologyofMemoryTheNeuralCircuitryofMemoryTheAnatomyofMemoryIfyouliveintheUnitedStates,you’veundoubtedlyhandled
6、thousandsuponthousandsofAmericanpennies.Surely,then,yourememberwhatapennylookslike—ordoyou?TakealookatFigure7.1.Whichdrawingcorrespondstoarealpenny?Didyouhaveahardtimeselectingtherealone?Ifso,you’renotalone.NickersonandAdams(1979)foundthatmostpeoplecan’treco
7、gnizetherealpennyinthiscollectionofdrawings.Andtheirsurprising?ndingwasnota?uke.UndergraduatesinEnglandshowedevenworsememoryforBritishcoins(Jones,1990).Howcanthatbe?Whydomostofushavesopooramemoryforanobjectweseeeveryday?Let’stryanotherexercise.Ade?nitionofaw
8、ordfollows.It’snotaparticularlycommonword,butthere’sagoodchancethatyou’refamiliarwithit.Trytothinkoftheword.Figure7.1De?nition:FavoritismshownorpatronagegrantedbyAsimplememorytest.NickersonandAd
