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1、Argument22(20個(gè)常見邏輯錯(cuò)誤與攻擊方法)1.開頭段：Inthisargument…reachestheconclusionthat…Thebasisforthisrecommendationistheexpectationthat…Anadditionalreasongiveninsupportofthisrecommendationisthat…Whilethisargumenthassomemerit,thereareafewassumptionthatdeserveattention.(Atfirstglance,thea
2、uthor’sappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitisbasedonsomedubiousassumptions.)2.結(jié)尾段：Insum,thearguerfailstovalidate(theconclusion)that…Tosolidifytheargument,thearguershouldsupplymoreconcreteevidencetodemonstratethat…Inaddition,thearguerwouldhavetoru
3、leouttheabove-mentionedpossibilitythatmayunderminethearguer’sclaim(conclusion).3.選擇性樣本：信號(hào)詞：A、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)B、表示整體和部分的詞C、表示多、少的詞D、表示范圍的詞“多不夠多，少不夠少，大不夠大，小不夠小?！保ū壤?，絕對(duì)數(shù)字低。）Inthefirstplace,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupporttheclaimthat…asawhole…Theexamplecited,whilesuggestiveoftheset
4、rends,isinsufficienttowarranttheirtruthbecausethereisnoreasonstobelievethatdatadrawnfromthis…isrepresentativeoftheentirecountry.Forexample,if…itwouldclearlybeunrepresentative.Thereasonforthisisobvious.4.樣本的數(shù)目即代表性的問題：信號(hào)詞：A、表示變化的詞B、程度adv.C、數(shù)字First,theconclusionthat…isbasedon
5、toosmallasampletobereliable.Theonlyevidenceofferedinsupportofthisconclusionisthefactthat…Unlessitcanbeshownthat…istypicalofall…thefactthatitexperienced…isnogroundforconcludingthatall…willexperiencesimilarresults.5.調(diào)查對(duì)象是否被暗示或誤導(dǎo)了：A、回答皆謊言B、敘事不可信Thesurveymethodologymightbeprob
6、lematicintworespects.First,wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyrequiredthatrespondentschoosethere…preferencebetweenalternatives.Ifitdid,thentheresultsmightdistortthepreferencesoftherespondents,whomightverywellrefera…choicenotprovidedforinthesurvey.Secondly,wearenotinformedwhet
7、hersurveyresponseswereanonymousorevenconfidential.Intheevent,thesurveyresultswouldbeunreliableforthepurposeofdrawinganyconclusionsabout…preferences,letaloneabouthowtoimprove…6.調(diào)查人員是否中立且公正：Thememoprovidesnoevidencethatthereportsfrom…arereliable.Themanagersmighthavefabricate
8、dthereportssothat…1.統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)是否被精確表述：Tobeginwith,thestatisticsareintendedtosupportthemainclaim
