Stress and Gender： Gender related differences in a changing soc

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1、StressandGenderGenderrelateddifferencesinachangingsocietyGenderdifferences:Althoughmenandwomensharethesamesocio-economiccircumstances,therearesignificantgenderdifferencesinworseningmortalityratesinHungarySocioeconomicdifferencesaremorecloselyconnectedwithmaleprematuremortalityratesWh

2、atistheexplanationfortheincreasedvulnerabilityofmiddleagedmenduringthisperiodofrapideconomicchange?Aggregatemortalityaccordingtolowversushigheducation(Mackenbachetal,1999)Mortalityratesofmiddleaged(45-64)menandwomeninHungary(2001)SpecialexperimentalmodelTheparadoxicalfeaturesofgender

3、relatedprematuremortalityandmorbidityratesinCentral-Eastern-EuropeancountriesmightberegardedasaspecialexperimentalmodeltounderstandbetterthehumanconsequencesofchronicstressandgenderdifferencesinthisrespectWhatcanexplaintheoppositechangesingenderdifferencesinlifeexpectancy?Inthe1970sn

4、odifferencesinAustrianandHungarianlifeexpectancyLifeexpectancyinHungarytoday:Male68.2,female76.5years-8.3yearsdifferencesinHungary,2.3yearslostInneighbouringAustria:Male75.9-theylive7.7yearslonger,Female81.7-theylive5.2yearslonger5.8yearsdifferencesinAustriaGrowingpolarizationoftheso

5、cio-economicsituationbetween1960and2002Until1960,practicallynoincomeinequality,therewerenomortalitydifferencesbetweensocio-economicstrataandthereweresmallergenderdifferencesSincethattimeincreasingdisparitiesinsocio-economicconditionshavebeenaccompaniedbyawideningsocio-economicgradien

6、tinmortality,butmuchmoreamongmen.Mortalityratein1000menincorrespondingagegroupsintheHungarianpopulation(DemographicYearbook,2004)Possibleexplanations:Thisdeteriorationcannotbeascribedtodefficienciesinhealthcare,becauseduringtheseyearstherewasasignificantdecreaseininfantandoldagemorta

7、lityandimprovementsinotherdimensionsofhealthcare.Between1960and1989therewasaconstantincreaseinthegrossdomesticproductinHungary.WorseningmaterialsituationcannotbetheexplanationGeneticcauses-suddenchanges,notprobable,possiblechangesingeneticexpressionGeneraladaptationTheoryofJánosSelye

8、:Thethreepha