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1、I.CATSPAWLIABILITY:LEGALBACKGROUNDANDORIGINS被人利用責(zé)任：法律背景和淵源A.FundamentalsofEmploymentDiscriminationLaw:CausationandAgency就業(yè)歧視法律的基礎(chǔ):起因和代理Acriticalissueinemploymentdiscriminationlawinvolvestheelementofcausation.Theantidiscriminationstatutesprohibitemployersfromengagingininten
2、tionaldiscrimination,whichhascometobereferredtoasdisparatetreatment.Plaintiffsbringingdisparatetreatmentclaimsmustultimatelyprovethattheemployermadetheadverseemploymentdecisionbecauseofaprohibitedcharacteristic.Yetwidedisputeexistsregardingtheappropriatestandardofcausation
3、.Courts,commentators,andlegislatorshaveutilizedavarietyof'phrasesandformulationstodescribethecausationrequirementindisparatetreatmentdoctrine.nIntermsofstatutorylanguage,theantidiscriminationactsrequireplaintiffstoprovethattheadverseemploymentactionwastaken"becauseofnthepl
4、aintiffsmembershipinaprotectedclass.Althoughthe"becauseof”languagecertainlyestablishesacausationrequirement,thephrasedoesnotinherentlydictatewhatthestandardofcausationshouldbe.Consequently,uncertaintyregardingthecausationrequirementhasdevelopedandburdeneddisparatetreatment
5、lawonamacrolevel就業(yè)歧視法律的重要問題包括起因要索。反歧視法規(guī)禁止雇主故意歧視，這被稱為差別對待。原告對差別對待進(jìn)行上訴最終必須證明雇主因為一個禁止的特性做出了相反的聘用決定。但是有關(guān)起因的適當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的爭論仍然廣泛存在。法院、評論家和立法者已經(jīng)使用了各種各樣的“措辭和確切表達(dá)，用以描述在差別對待主義中對起因的要求?！卑凑辗ǘㄓ谜Z，反歧視法令要求原告證明做出相反行為是“由于”原告屬于被保護(hù)團(tuán)體的成員。雖然“由于”這個用語明確確定起因要求,但是這個措辭木身并不能指明起因的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么。所以，有關(guān)起因要求的不確定性已經(jīng)在發(fā)展，并冃?在
6、宏觀水平上對區(qū)別對待法律施加壓力。Nonetheless,twoevidentiarymethodshavedevelopedtoassistplaintiffsinmeetingtheultimateburdenofprovingintentionaldiscrimination.First,plaintiffscanusetheMcDonnellDouglasburden-shiftingframework.Thisapproachrequiresplaintiffstoestablishaprimafaciecaseofdiscrim
7、ination,whichconsistsoffourelements:(1)membershipinaprotectedclass,(2)qualificationforthejob,(3)anadverseemploymentdecision,and(4)circumstancesindicatingthattheprotectedclassmembershipcausedtheadverseemploymentaction.Iftheplaintiffprovestheseelements,thentheburdenshiftstot
8、heemployertoofferalegitimatenon-discriminatoryreasonfortheadverseemploymentaction.Iftheem
