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精準(zhǔn)養(yǎng)分管理土壤養(yǎng)分空間變異與精準(zhǔn)管理(英文)JinJiyunl,2,JiangCheng2(1PotashandPhosphateInstituteofCanada(PPI/PP1C),Beijing100081)(2SoilandFertilizerInstitute,CAAS,Beijing100081)1Situationandprob1emsinsoi1nutrientmanagementofChinaLargeandeverincreasingpopulationinChinacontinuoustoputpressureonthelimitedlandresource?Thisproblemwillbecomemoreandmoreseriousin21century.ItisestimatedthatthepopulationofChinawi11increaseto1.6billionand0.7billiontonsofgrainwillbencededby2030.Chinaisfacingagreatchallengcinthisaspect?Thesolutionofthisproblemshoulddependontheadvancedscientifictechnologytorealizetherationalallocationandefficientuseofnaturalresources?Soilisfoundationforagricultureandfertilizerthefoodforcrop(Jin,1998)?HowtonumagesoilnutrientsandallocateefficientlyorganicandinorganicresourcesofnutrientsisthekeyforsustainabledevelopmentofagricullureinChina.Since1970,s,alotofworkhasbeendoneandgoodprogresshasbeenmadeinsoiltestingandimprovementoffertilizerapplication.But,equalrateapplicationoffertilizerisusuallyrecommendedfora15-20haoffieldwithignoranceofsoi1nutrientvariabilitywithinthefield,whichcausedthatsomeregionsofthefieldreceivedtoomuchfertilizer,butotherstoo1ittle?Astheresults,thelandandnutrientresourceswastedwithlostofopportunitiesandbenefit?LittleworkhasbeendoneinChinatounderstandthespatialvariabiIityofsoi1nutrienls,whichaffectthesustaintibledcvclopmentofagriculture?Theprecisionagriculturehasbeensuccessfullydevelopedindevelopedcountrieswithadvaneedconditionofmechanizationandlargescaleoperation?Thebasicprincipleonvariableratetechnique(VRT)andsite-specificnutrientmanagement(SSNM),whichadjusteachagricultureinputpreciselyonthebasisofthespecificconditionofeachoperationunitofthefield,shouldbeabletobeadoptedtoanytypeandscaleofagriculturalproduction.Therefore,withdevelopmenlofmoderntechnology,precisionagriculluremustexerciseagreatinflucnccontechnologicalrevolulionaryofagricultureofChina.2Variabilityofsoilnutrientsandcropyieldunderdifferentmanagementsystems?Akeypointforprecisionagriculturedevelopmentistounderstandcomprehensivelythespatialvariabi1ityofsoilnutricnIs.Precisionagricultureindevelopedcountriesisdevelopedonthebasisoflargescaleofagricultureproduct!onwithadvaneedlevelofmechanization.However,underfamilyresporisibilitysystemwithsmallscaleoperationinChina,itisdifficulttostudythespatialvariabilityofsoilnutrientsanddevelopthevariableratetechnique(Jin,1998)?Theresultsfromthedevelopedcountriesshowedthatsoilvariabilitycouldoccurintinyscale,includingarea,field,regionswithinthefieldandevenbetweensomemillimetersspaces?BoumaandFinke(1993)havedividedthevariabilityofsoilpropertiesintoseveralcategories?Thefirstisthestaticvariabi1ity,suchassoi1textureandorganicmatter?Thesecondisthedynamicvariabi1ity,suchassoilmoistureoncltemperature.Thevariabi1ityofthesepropertieshasdirectrelationshipwiththespecificconditionofthefield,butthevariabilityofphysical-chcmicalpropertiesismoreimportanlforresearchers,becauseitperhapsisthemainreasonforthevariabilityofcropyield?Resultsofastudyinllandsncounty ofHebeiprovinccunderthefamilyrcsponsibilitysystemshowedthatpHhadrelativelysmallC?V.andP,KandBhadvery1argeones,whichwasmorethan30%(Jiang,2000).Furthermore,thespatialvariabilityofsoi1nutrientsunderthefamilyresponsibilitysystemismuchmorethanthatunderthecollectivecontractsystem?Themajorsoilnutrients,aswellasthesoiltexture,underthecollectivemanagementsysteminChangyangStateFarminBeijingalsodifferedgreatlywithC?V?greaterthan15%(Fig?1).Thespatialdistributionofdifferentnutrienlswasaffecteddifferentlybyregionalorrandomfactors?Underthefamilyresponsibilitysystem,thespatialdistributionofsoilnutrientshadgoodrclationshipwithfarmers'fertilizationhistory,cropvarietyandfieldmanagement?(圖：Fig.1ContourmapforsoilavailablepotassiuminNo.10fieldofChangyangFarm(Mg/ml))Cropyieldmapisagoodparameterforevaluationofsoilconditioninthefield?Thevariationinsoilproperties,suchassoi1nutrientstatus,moistureandtexture,wi11affectcropyieldsandthevariabi1ityofsoilfertilityisthemainreasonforthevariabilityofcropyield(Carr,1991:Ilans,1994)?So,itishelpfultounderstandvariabilityofsoilphysical-chemicalpropertiesandtodevelopvariableratefertilizationtoachievebestyieldinvariousptirtsofthefield?IthasbeenreportedthatthestatusofsoilavailablePandKwerecorrelatedsignificantlywithcropyield,buttherearcgreatdifferencesamongfields(Moore,1993;Malzer,1996).In199&thevariabilityofcropyieldwithinfieldswascarriedinbothcollectivesysteminBeijingandfamilyresponsib訂itysysteminIlandancountyofHebeiprovineeinChina?TheresultsshowedthatunderthecollectivemanagementsysteminChangyangStateFarminBeijing,wheatyield,kernel/earandspikenumberdifferedspatial1y.Theyielddifferencewasupto4000kg/ha(Fig.2).Cropyieldshowedadifferenthomogeneilyforeachfieldandthemacro-nutrientshadsmallerC?V.thanthatofmicronutrienls.Moreover,theconicnlofnutrientsremovedfromseedscorrelatedsignificantlywiththecropyield.Thesignificantcorrelationbetweenyieldandsoilavailablenutrientssuggestedthatthesoilnutrientsmadeagreateffectonthespatialvariabilityofcropyield?(圖:Fig?2ContourmapforwheatyieldinNo.10fieldofChangyangFarm(kg/ha)) Cnderstatidingspatialvariabi1ityofsoi1physical-chemicalpropertiesisessentialforoptimizingfertilizeruse?However,spatialvariabilityofsoilphysical-chemicalpropertiesofonefielddiffersfromanother?Thenatureofspatialvariabilityofsoilconditionandcropgrowthundorvariousconditionsshouldbestudiedfurther?1Site-specificsoi1nutrient,managementsystemTheSoi1andFertilizerInstitute(SI?I)ofChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences(CAAS),incooperationwiththePotashandPhosphateInstituteofCanada(PPI/PPIC),hascarriedoutsomestudiesaboutsoilnutrientvariationandsite-specificnutrientmanagementsystemfordifferentmanagementsystemsinChina.Resultsissummarizedasfollowing.3?1Technologicalsystemforsoi1nutrienttestandinformationmanagementTtisessentialtohaveareliablesoi1testingsystemfordevelopmentofprecisionagriculture?IntheperiodofEighthFive-yearPlan,theSoi1andFertiliserInstituteintroducedasystematicapproachtechniqueforsoiltestingandfertilizerrecommcndation,andestablishedtheCAAS-PPICSoilandPlantAnalysisLaboratory.Rapidservicesinsoiltestingandnutrientstatusevaluationforavailablemicro,secondaryondmacroelernentsinsoilhavecomeintoeffectanddatabasesandmanagementsystemhavebeendeveloped?Resea廣chonspatialvaricibi1ityofsoilnutrientsunderdifferentmcintigementsystemswerecarriedoutinSichuan,Zhcjiang,HebeiandBcijingbyusingthesystematicevaluationapproach,andsomevaluableresultswereachieved?Meanwhile,theconstructionofChinaSoi1andl?ertilizerInformationSystemwasfinishodandasoi1andfertilizernetworkwasestablishedtolinktotheprovincialresearchinstitutionscrossChina,whichmadethenetworknumagementofinformationintoeffect?3.2FertilizerrccommcndationsystemStudiesonsoilnutrientvariationundercollectivesysteminChangyangStateFarmofBeijingandunderfamilyresponsibi1itysysteminChenliuyingvi11ageofHandancountyofHebeiprovincewerecarriedout?Forsmal1scaleoperationinHandancounty,soilnutrientstatusforeachfarmersfieldwereobtainedbyoverlyin呂thecontourmapofsoilnutricntswiththedistributionmapoffarmer"sfieldsonageographicalinformationsystem(Jiang,2000)(I；ig.3).Thistechniquemadeitpossibletoimprovetherecommendationfromonerecommcndationfora15、20hafieldtoasmallerdistinguishedplotssignedtoindividualfarmers'familieswithinthefield?Fertilizerrecommendationwasmadetoeachplotforeachfarmer,andvariableferti1izationwasrealizedbyfarmersbyhand?Theresultshowedthathigheryieldwereobleiinedwithrecommendationciccordingtothespecificfarmersplotsandtheyielddifferencesamongfarmerswaslessthanlhaltreatedwithtrciditionalrecommendation.Underthecollectivemanagementsystem,thesoi1nutrientmanagementunitwasdetermincdbasedonthespatialvariabilityofsoilnutrientsinthefield?ResultsindicatedthatwheatyieldmapwasinagoodagreementofthesoilavailablePmap,indicatingthatwheatyieldwasaffectedbysoilavailablePlevelinthesoi1.Sitc-spccificsoilnutrientmanagementofChinacouldbedevelopedbasedontwobasicpatterns:oneforlargescaleoperationofstatefarmsystems,suchasthoseinHeilongjiangandXinjiang?Inthosefarms,someequipmentandtechniquescouldbeimporteddirectlytoincreasetheproductionlevelofagricultureafterunderstandingfullythespatialvariabilitylevelofsoilnutrientsandpossessingthehighlevelofmechanization.Thesecondisregionalizedsite-specificnutrient,management forthevi1lagesunderthefamilyresponsibi1itysystem?Itisnecessaryforthispatterntounderstandcomprehcnsivclythespatialvariabilityofsoilnutrientsundorthespecialmanagementsystem,andsomehigh-efficiency,rationalandscientificagro-chemicalservicesystemsshouldbedeveloped?(圖:Fig.3)■I>120■■100-120■■80.0-100■■I60.0-SO.0■■■4OQ0O26.0-40.0I1<25.0Fig?3OverlayresultbetweensoilavailablePandfarmers，fieldmapofChenliuyingvilltigeofHebei(mg/L)3.3Comprehensiveagricultureservicesystemone!itsindustrializationRealizationoftheprecisionagricultureshouldbebasedonagoodagricultureservicesystem?Atpresent,Chinaisshiftingfromcentredplanningeconomytosocialmarketingsystem?WhenChinare-jointheWTO,traditionalagricultureproductionwillfacemoreseriouschallengeandmodernadvaneedtechnologyshouldbeintroducedtocombinewithtraditionaltechniquestoimproveagricultureproductior)?Thiswi11requireagoodservicesystemtobedeveloped(Wang,1997).TodevelopprecisionagriculturetechniquessuitabletoChins'ssitueition,lheSoi1andFerti1izerInstituteofCAASimportedsometidvaneedequipmentandsetupagoodbtisisforfurtherdevelopment?DifferentialGPS,soi1samplerandyieldmonitors,etc?havebeenintroducedandgoodservicessysteminsoiltestingandfertilizerrecommendationwasestablishedbyusingthesystematicapproachtechnique?1ProspectsofprecisionagricultureinChinaAfterunderstandingfullythespatio-temporalvariabilityofsoilnuIricntstatusinChinaandthebenefitoffertilization,soi1/cropnutrientmanagementsystemssuitablefordifferentproductionscalesandcroppingconditionsshouldbedevelopedaccordingly.Site-specificbalancedfertilizationsystemssuitablefordifferentmanagementsystemscouldbedeveloped? 1)Inregionsundercollectivemanagementsystemwithlargoscaleoperation,itisrecommendedthatsomeexperimentsitesbeselectedtoestablishdemonstrationofprecisionagriculture?2)Underthefamilyresponsibi1itysystem,somesitesshouldbeselectedtostudythesoilnuIrientstatus,chtingingofsoi1ferti1ityandspatialvairiabi1ity,thentosetuptheregiontilsoi1andferti1izerinformationsystemtodirectsoilnutrientmanagementandfertilization.3)Nationolandregionalsoilandfertilizerinformationsystemshouldbedevelopedtoprovideinformationtorationaldistributionandscientificuseoffertilizersinnationalandregionallevels?Withthedevelopmentandimprovemcnlofsite-specificmanagemenltechnologysystem,theprecisionagriculturewi11furtherincreaseagricultureproduction,speedupagricultura1modernization,andimprovetheenvironmont.References[1]BallD.F.andWilliamsW.LVariabilityofsoilchemicalpropertiesintwouncultivatedbrownearth?J.SoilSci.,1968,19:37曠391.[2]BlackmoreB.S.Prccisionfarming:Anintroduction.OutlookonAgriculture,1994,23:275^280.[3]BoumaJ?,FinkeP.A?Originandnatureofsoilresourcevariability?SoilSpecificCropManagement,P.C?Robert,R?H.Rust,W.E.Larson,(Eds),Madison,Wisconsin,ASA,CSSA,SSSA,1993,3~14?[4]CarrP?H?clal.Farmingsoils,notfields:astrategyforincreasingfertilizerprofitability?J?Prod?Agric.,1991.4:57~61.[5]ClarkR?1“andMcGuckinR.L?Variablerateapplicationequipmentforprecisionfarming.Presentedatthe1996BeltwideCottonConference.NationalCottonCouncilofAmerica,Nashville,Tennessee?January,1996,8~12? 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