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《國外Advanced Cognitive Psychology課程課件-Problem solving.ppt》由會員上傳分享，免費在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容在教育資源-天天文庫。
1、ProblemsolvingandCreativityProblemsolvingWhatisproblemsolving?WeakandstrongmethodsMuchofourlifeisspentsolvingproblems?HomeworkproblemsManagingmoneyVideogamesEndingconflictWhatmakestheseproblems?FouraspectstoaproblemGoalWhatistobeaccomplished?GivensWhatisknownfromthest
2、artoftheproblem?MeansoftransformationHowcantheinitialstatebemodified?ObstaclesSomethingthatstandsbetweentheinitialstateandthegoal.Whatwouldhappenifoneoftheseaspectsweremissing?TypesofproblemsWell-definedproblemsAllfouraspectsoftheproblemarespecified.TowersofHanoiMazes
3、Ill-definedproblemsOneormoreoftheaspectsoftheproblemarenotwellspecified.StoppingawarHowdowesolveproblems?SometimesaproblemisnovelThenweusegeneralproblemsolvingstrategies“weak”methodsSometimesaproblemismorefamiliarThenwecanuseourbackgroundknowledge“strongmethods”Proble
4、msolvingassearchConsiderawell-definedproblemThegivensareknownThemeansoftransformationareknownThegoalisknownTheobstacleisgenerallythattherearesomanypossiblesolutionsitishardtofindtherightoneWemustsearchfortherightsolutionWhatifthesearchspaceistoolarge?Itisnotpossibleto
5、enumeratetheentiresearchspaceforallwell-definedproblems.Chess:Afterafewmoves,therearetoomanypossiblemovesandcountermovestoconsiderallofthem.WemustuseconstraintsHeuristics(generalguidelines)Itislikelytoleadtoagoodsolution,butnotguaranteedtoworkHillclimbingFindsomemeasu
6、reofthedistancebetweenyourpresentstateandtheendstate.Takeastepinthedirectionthatmostreducesthatdistance.Apotentiallocalminimumproblem.Means-endanalysisTrytoreducethelargestdifferencebetweentheinitialstateandthegoalstatefirst.HowshouldyougetfromUNTtotheEmpireStateBuild
7、ing?FlyfromDallastoNewYorkThattakescareofthebiggestdifference,butnowcreatesnewsub-problemsGettingfromUNTtotheairportGettingfromaNewYorkairporttotheEmpireStateBuildingEachofthesenewsub-problemsneedstobesolvedWorkingbackwardSometimesitishardtosolveaproblembystartingatth
8、einitialstateManypuzzlesareintentionallydesignedtobehardtosolvefromthegivens.Itcanbeusefultostartattheendstateandworkbackwar
