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1、PARTIIIEtiologicAgentsofInfectiousDiseasesSECTIONBViruses222HumanCoronavirusesSusanM.PoutanenCoronavirusesareincludedintheCoronaviridaefamilyundertheorderpathogens.ThefirstrecognizedHCoVstrainsincluded229EandOC43.Nidovirales.Theyareenveloped,nonsegmented,singl
2、e-stranded,StrainssuchasB814,OC16,OC37,andOC48alsoweredescribedbut4–6positive-senseRNAvirusesnamedaftertheircorona-likeorcrown-likewerenotcharacterizedfurther.Coronavirus-likeparticleshavebeensurfaceprojectionsseenonelectronmicroscopythatcorrespondtolargedetec
3、tedinstool,primarilyininfantswithgastroenteritisandnecrotizing7–9surfacespikeproteins(Figs.222.1and222.2).Theyarehostspecificandenterocolitis,butfurthercharacterizationhasnotbeencompleted.1caninfecthumansandavarietyofanimals.In2003,severeacuterespiratorysyndro
4、me(SARS)CoVwasidentifiedFourgeneraofcoronaviruseshavebeendescribed.Humancoronavi-asanovelrespiratorypathogenresponsibleforaglobaloutbreakofruses(HCoVs)arepartoftheAlphacoronavirusandBetacoronavirusSARS.Firstemergingin2002inChina,theoutbreaklasted9monthsand1,21
5、0–14genera(Table222.1).resultedin8098peopleinfectedand774deaths.DatasuggestthatSARSCoVevolvedfromSARSCoV–likevirusesinhorseshoebats,withEPIDEMIOLOGYcivetcatsandotherwildmarketanimalsservingasintermediate15–20hosts.3Inthe1930s,coronaviruseswererecognizedasanima
6、lpathogens.RenewedinterestinCoVresearchlettothediscoveryoftwonovel21–23Thirtyyearslater,coronaviruseswereidentifiedashumanrespiratoryHCoVs2yearslater:NL63(alsoknownasNLorNH)andHKU1.1148HumanCoronaviruses222MSENRNAFIGURE222.1Negative-contrastelectronmicrographo
7、fsevereacuterespiratoryFIGURE222.2Organizationofthespike(S),membrane(M),andenvelope(E)syndromecoronavirusesshowsthetypicalcrown-likespikeproteinsonthesurfaceglycoproteinsinatypicalcoronavirusisshownforatypicalcoronavirus.TheRNAofthecoronavirusparticles(bar=100
8、nm).(FromKuikenT,FouchierRA,Schuttenisprotectedbythenucleocapsidproteins(N).(FromHolmesKV,EnjuanesL.TheM,etal.NewlydiscoveredcoronavirusastheprimarycauseofsevereacuteSARScoronaviru
