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1、Literaturereview1.Reviewofcross-culturaltheories1.1Hofstede’sfivedimensionsofcultureJustasHofstede(2001)said“cultureismoreoftenasourceofconflictthanofsynergy;culturaldifferencesareanuisanceatbestandoftenadisaster”(p.23).Forthosewhoworkininternationalbusiness,itissometimesamazinghowdifferentpeop
2、leinotherculturesbehave.Wetendtohaveahumaninstinctthatdeepinsideofallpeoplearethesame,buttheyarenotineffect.Therefore,understandingculturaldifferencesisoftenconsideredaprerequisiteforsuccessfulinternationalbusiness.?AccordingtoHofstede(2001),“eachculturemustdealwithquestionsthatcanberesolvedacc
3、ordingtoaseriesofdimensions,whichresultsinauniquegestaltforeachsociety,dependingontheintensityofitstendencytowardsoneoranotherendofeachculturedimensionspectrum”(p.34).TheFiveDimensionsarewIndividualismwUncertaintyavoidanceindexwPowerdistanceindexwMasculinitywLong-termorientationIndividualismfoc
4、usesonthedegreethesocietyreinforcesindividualorcollectiveachievementandinterpersonalrelationships.UncertaintyAvoidancefocusesontheleveloftoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguitywithinthesociety.PowerDistancefocusesonthedegreeofequality,orinequality,betweenpeopleinthecountry'ssociety.Masculinityfocus
5、esonthedegreethesocietyreinforces,ordoesnotreinforce,thetraditionalmasculineworkrolemodelofmaleachievement,control,andpower.LongTermOrientationfocusesonthedegreethesocietyembraces,ordoesnotembracelong-termdevotiontotraditionalforwardthinkingvalues.Thesefivedimensions,takentogether,cangiveimport
6、antinsightsforsomeonewishingtoenteranewcultureforbusiness,study,orotherpurposes.Thoughhemadeagreatcontributiontocross-culturalbusinessfield,hisresearchstillhassomelimitation.Hofstede’sFiveDimensionsTheoryhasbeencriticizedonthegroundsofbeingtoostatic(Holden,2001),orbeingweakintermsoftheoreticalf
7、oundation(Dahl,2004).1.2PorterandSamovar'scross-culturalcommunicationAccordingtoPorterandSamovar(2006),communicationhaseightingredients:source,encoding,message,channel,receiver,decoding,receiverresponseandfeedback.Anycommunication
