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1、RhetoricalDevices(修辭手段)語體文體修辭學：（Stylistics）語體部分研究語言在不同的交際領域中所形成的功能分化，如科技語體、公文語體、新聞語體、法律語體、口語語體等；文體部分則研究文學語言與風格，包括個人風格與時代、流派風格。人文修辭學：（Rhetoric）重點研究控制讀者或聽者反應的技巧，具體包括：語言符號在各種交際活動中的影響力，深化認識和影響感情的手段，勸說的各種論辯技巧，表達內容與表達方式之間的關系等。Parallelism.Youbeginorendaseriesofclausesorsentenceswith
2、thesamewords,inordertoemphasizeasimilarityorparallelismintheideasbeingstated.Withcalmconfidencewebeganthespeechcourse.Withcalmconfidencewedideachexercise,gaveeachspeech,tookeachexam.Withcalmconfidenceweawaitourfinalgrades.Parallelism.Fondlydowehope,ferventlydowepray,thatthism
3、ightyscourgeofwarmayspeedilypassaway.Youareright.ButyourpatchisnotbigenoughPeriodicsentence(掉尾句，圓周句).Whenaspeakerwantstoarousemildcuriosityandthensatisfyitwithasenseofnaturalfinishwithinasentence,hecanmaketheclimaxofmeaningandtheendofthesentencecoincide.Toimpartanimpressionof
4、crispcontrolinspeakingweuseperiodicsentences.Inanycase,avoidtheindefiniteloosesentence,inwhichevenshiftsinthinkingareconnectedby“anduh”—asifthespeakerfearedhislifemustendwiththeendofthesentence.Attheendofthesentence,stop.Thenstartthenextsentence.Periodicsentencesachieveforcef
5、ulnessbysuspense.Theessentialelementsinthesentencesarewithhelduntiltheend.YesterdaywhileIwaswalkingdownthestreetImethim.AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.NextcametheCourtofWomen,followedbytheCourtofIsraelites,theCourtofthePriestsand,aboveall,themassivesacri
6、ficialaltar.Tothisshouldbeaddedafaithfulcollectionoftherevenue,astrictaccountabilitytotheTreasuryforeverydollarcollected,andthegreatestpracticableretrenchmentinexpenditureineverydepartmentofGovernment.Ellipsis.Ingivingaseriesofdetails,youcanproduceagreatersenseofenergyorurgen
7、cybyleavingout“and”orothergrammaticallynormalwords.“Theabandoneddogwasstarved,flea-ridden,scared.”“Hehadaquick,sarcasticmind;amasteroftheput-down.”Theaudienceparticipatedbymentallyfillinginthemissingwords,suchas“hewas”inthemiddleofthelattersentence.Metaphor(暗喻):Oneobjectislik
8、enedtoanotherbyspeakingofitasifitwerethatother.Theworldisastage.Thed
