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1、Chapter2***StructureofMaterialsChapter2Structureandpropertyofmaterials1componentstructureperformanceapplicationRelationshipsynthesisandprocessing2Catalog2.1Elementsandchemicalbond2.2Basicconceptsofcrystallography2.3Structureofcrystalmaterials2.4Crystallographicdefects2.5Solidsolution32.1Elementsandc
2、hemicalbondKeyterms:element,compound,content,firstionizationenergy,electronaffinity,electronegativity,atomic,Ionicradii,metallicbond,delocalized,covalent,nondirectional,unsaturated,close-packedarray,coordinationnumber,conductive,meltingpoint,hydrogenbond,permanentdipole,potentialenergywell,bondenerg
3、y,attractiveenergy,repulsiveenergy4Catalog2.1ElementSinglematterCompoundMaterial2.1.1Elementsandtheircharacteristics5Catalog2.1elementcomparativecontentelementcomparativecontent氧（O）466,000氟（F）300硅（Si）277,200鍶（Sr）300鋁（Al）81,300鋇（Ba）250鐵（Fe）50,000鋯（Zr）220鈣（Ca）36,300鉻（Cr）200鈉（Na）28,300釩（V）150鉀（K）25,900
4、鋅（Zn）132鎂（Mg）20,900鎳（Ni）80鈦（Ti）4,400鉬（Mo）15氫（H）1,400鈾（U）4磷（P）1,180汞（Hg）0.5錳（Mn）1,000銀（Ag）0.1硫（S）520鉑（Pt）0.005碳（C）320金（Au）0.005氯（Cl）314氦（He）0.003Relativecontentofelementsontheearth6Catalog2.1Statesoftheelementsintheroomtemperature7FirstIonizationEnergy(I1)——theenergyrequiredtoremovetheoneelectronfrom
5、agaseousatom.theminimumamountofenergyneededtoremovetheoutermost(highestenergy)electronfromaneutralatominthegaseousstate.A(g)+I1A+(g)+e1）FirstIonizationEnergy8FromBohrmodelandSchrodingerequationI1——firstionizationenergy,eVZ——effectivenuclearchargen——mainquantumnumber1eV=1.602×10-19J※ThebiggertheI1,th
6、emoredifficulttoremovetheoutmostelectron.9I1ZI1increasesslowlyI1increasesdramaticallyRI110Theamountofenergycreatedintheprocessinwhichanelectronisaddedtoaneutralisolatedgaseousatomtoformagaseousionwitha1-charge.EAvariesgreatlyacrosstheperiodictable；Generally,nonmetalshavemorepositiveEAthanmetalsEAgen
7、erallyincreasesacrossaperiod(row)intheperiodictable.AtrendofdecreasingEAgoingdownthegroupsintheperiodictablewouldbeexpectedA(g)+e-A-(g)+EA2）ElectronAffinity（EA）11Generally,nonmetalshavemorepositiveEAt
