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1、1、DDL(DataDefinitionLanguage)Commandcreate,alter,dropobjects;grant,revokeprivilegesandroles;establishingauditingoptions;addcommentstothedatadictionary;BeforeandaftereachDDLstatement,Oracleimplicitlycommitthecurrenttransactions.2、DML(DataManipulationLanguage)CommandQueryandModifydatawithin
2、existingschemaobjects;DMLstatementsconsistofDELETE,INSERT,SELECTandUPDATEstatements;EXPLAINPLANstatements;LOCKTABLEstatements;UnlikeDDLCommand,acommitisnotimplicit,afterexecuteDDLCommand,mustexecutecommitcommandtocommitatransaction;3、DynamicPerformanceTablesThesetablesarecreatedattheinsta
3、ncestartupandusedtostoreinformationabouttheperformanceoftheinstance.Thisinformationincludesconnectioninformatioion,I/OS,initializationparametervaluesandsoon..4、ProcedureandFunctionareidenticalexceptthatFounctionarealwaysreturnavalue(Proceduredonot).5、SchemaisacollectionofObjectsthatassoci
4、atedwiththeDataBase.6、SGAismadeupof:DataBaseBuffers;RedoLogBuffers;TheSharedPool;7、TransactionisalogicalunitofworkconsistingofoneormoreSQLstatements,endinginacommitorrollback.8、TheDataBaseThePhysicalLayer（1）Oneormoredatafiles;（2）Twoormoreredologfiles;（3）Oneormorecontrolfiles;TheLogicalLay
5、er（1）Oneormoretablespaces;（2）Thedatabaseschema;9、Thedatabaseisdevidedintooneormorelogicalpiecesknownastablespace;10210、RecommendthateveryoneneedDBArolesshouldhaveadifferentaccount,thus,ifauditingisenabled,thereisarecordwhomadethesesystemchanges.11、TheInstanceisthelogicaltermthatreferstoth
6、ecomponentsnecessarytoaccessthedatainadatabase.12、數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)例（也稱為服務(wù)器Server），是用來訪問一個數(shù)據(jù)庫文件集的一個存儲結(jié)構(gòu)及后臺進(jìn)程的集合。Oralce并行服務(wù)器是指一個單獨(dú)的數(shù)據(jù)庫可以被多個實(shí)例訪問。13、查詢實(shí)例名：selectinstance_namefromv$instance；14、查詢動態(tài)視圖v$waitstat、v$system_event、v$session_event、v$session_wait和v$buffer_pool_statistics（在Oracle8中通過catperf.sql腳本創(chuàng)
7、建）以獲取下面所的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息，目的是為了檢查服務(wù)器進(jìn)程是否正等待DBWR（對單個會話而言，也對整個數(shù)據(jù)庫而言）。15、(1)SMON：系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控程序(2)PMON：進(jìn)程監(jiān)控程序(3)DBWR：數(shù)據(jù)庫寫入程序(4)LGWR：日志寫入程序(5)CKPT：檢查點(diǎn)進(jìn)程(6)ARCH：歸檔日志(7)RECO：恢復(fù)進(jìn)程(8)SNPn：快照進(jìn)程(9)LCKn：鎖定進(jìn)程(10)Dnnn：調(diào)度程序進(jìn)程(11)Snnn：服務(wù)器進(jìn)程(12)Pnnn：并行查詢服務(wù)器進(jìn)程16、數(shù)據(jù)庫備份之前，若使用了shutdownabort命令，則需要進(jìn)行如下操作，然后
