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1、摘要AVR單片機(jī)是一款八位單片機(jī)，他的易用性和多功能性受到了廣大使用者的好評(píng)。這里介紹的是如何用ATmega16單片機(jī)來實(shí)現(xiàn)壁障小車的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。本系統(tǒng)以設(shè)計(jì)題目的要求為目的，采用ATmega16單片機(jī)為控制核心，利用超聲波傳感器檢測(cè)道路上的障礙，控制電動(dòng)小汽車的自動(dòng)避障，快慢速行駛，并可以自動(dòng)顯示行駛速度，自動(dòng)尋光功能。整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的電路結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，可靠性能高。實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試結(jié)果滿足要求，本文著重介紹了該系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)方法。采用的技術(shù)主要有：（1）通過編程來控制小車的速度；（2）超聲波傳感器的有效應(yīng)用；（3）數(shù)碼管顯示電路的設(shè)計(jì)。（4）光敏電阻的應(yīng)用。（5）模/數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換的應(yīng)用（6）PWM技術(shù)等。I目
2、錄前言····························································31單片機(jī)的選型·················································42方案設(shè)計(jì)與論證···············································72.1直流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)·············································72.2檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)·················································82.3電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)向
3、系統(tǒng)············································102.4數(shù)碼管顯示系統(tǒng)··········································112.5單片機(jī)外圍電路··········································122.6超聲波傳感器············································143軟件系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)················································163.1ADC數(shù)模轉(zhuǎn)換的設(shè)計(jì)···············
4、························163.2測(cè)距顯示程序············································16結(jié)論····························································21附錄····························································22參考文獻(xiàn)························································31II前言隨著汽車工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，關(guān)于汽車的研究也就
5、越來越受人關(guān)注。全國(guó)電子大賽和省內(nèi)電子大賽幾乎每次都有智能小車這方面的題目，全國(guó)各高校也都很重視該題目的研究?？梢娖溲芯恳饬x很大。本設(shè)計(jì)就是在這樣的背景下提出的，設(shè)計(jì)的智能電動(dòng)小車應(yīng)該能夠?qū)崟r(shí)顯示速度、具有自動(dòng)尋光、避障功能，可程控行駛速度。根據(jù)題目的要求，確定如下方案：在現(xiàn)有玩具電動(dòng)車的基礎(chǔ)上，加裝光電傳感器、超聲波傳感器，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)電動(dòng)車的速度、運(yùn)行狀況的實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量，并將測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)傳送至單片機(jī)進(jìn)行處理，然后由單片機(jī)根據(jù)所檢測(cè)的各種數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)電動(dòng)車的智能控制。這種方案能實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)電動(dòng)車的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)控制，控制靈活、可靠，精度高，可滿足對(duì)系統(tǒng)的各項(xiàng)要求。本設(shè)計(jì)采用AVR系列中的ATmega16
6、單片機(jī)。以單片機(jī)為控制核心，利用超聲波傳感器檢測(cè)道路上的障礙，控制電動(dòng)小汽車的自動(dòng)避障，快慢速行駛，并可以顯示速度，自動(dòng)尋光功能。AVR是一款八位單片機(jī)，它的易用性和多功能性受到了廣大使用者的好評(píng)。它是第三代單片機(jī)的代表。本設(shè)計(jì)就采用了比較先進(jìn)的AVR為控制核心，AVR采用CHOMS工藝，功耗很低。該設(shè)計(jì)具有實(shí)際意義，可以應(yīng)用于考古、機(jī)器人、醫(yī)療器械等許多方面。尤其是在足球機(jī)器人研究方面具有很好的發(fā)展前景；在考古方面也應(yīng)用到了超聲波傳感器進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。所以本設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)際相結(jié)合，現(xiàn)實(shí)意義很強(qiáng)。31單片機(jī)選型ATmega16是基于增強(qiáng)的AVRRISC結(jié)構(gòu)的低功耗8位CMOS微控制器。由于其先進(jìn)的
7、指令集以及單時(shí)鐘周期指令執(zhí)行時(shí)間，ATmega16的數(shù)據(jù)吞吐率高達(dá)1MIPS/MHz，從而可以緩減系統(tǒng)在功耗和處理速度之間的矛盾。ATmega16AVR內(nèi)核具有豐富的指令集和32個(gè)通用工作寄存器。所有的寄存器都直接與算邏單元(ALU)相連接，使得一條指令可以在一個(gè)時(shí)鐘周期內(nèi)同時(shí)訪問兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的寄存器。這種結(jié)構(gòu)大大提高了代碼效率，并且具有比普通的CISC微控制器最高至10倍的數(shù)據(jù)吞吐率。ATmega16有如下特點(diǎn):16K字節(jié)的系統(tǒng)內(nèi)可編程Flash
