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1、3TheCognitiveTraditionandSecondLanguageAcquisitionChomsky’sTheoryofUniversalGrammarAfterrejectingbehaviorismandstructuralism,the?eldofSLAem-bracedthecognitivetradition.ThistrendinSLAtheoryisalsolinguisticallybased,owingtoitsheavyrelianceonNoamChomsky’slinguistictheoryof?rstlangu
2、ageacquisition.Chomsky(1965,1980,1981a,1981b)madeacon-vincingargumentfortheexistenceofaninnatedomain-speci?clanguagefaculty,whichhecalledthelanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).TheLADincludesuniversalgrammar(UG),whichisindispensableforthechild’sabilitytoacquirehisorhernativelanguage.C
3、homskydoesnotviewlanguageasspeechtobeusedinreal-lifecommunicationbutasasetofformalproper-tiesinherentinanynaturallanguagegrammar.Chomskyacknowledgesthatthereismoretolanguagethangrammaticalcompetence.Thenativespeakeralsopossessespragmaticcompetence:‘‘Wemightsaythatpragmaticcompet
4、enceplaceslanguageintheinstitutionalsettingofitsuse,relatingintentionsandpurposestothelinguisticmeansathand’’(Chomsky1980,225).Histheoryof?rstlanguageacquisitionbasedontheoperationofUGis,however,exclusivelylimitedtothechild’sacquisitionofgrammaticalcompetence.Histheorydoesnotatt
5、empttoexplainthechild’sabilitytousethisgrammaticalknowledgeinreal-lifesituations;that30TheCognitiveTradition31is,itdoesnotdealwithpragmaticcompetence,primarilybecausepragmaticcompetencecontainsvariabilityandalsoismoreconcernedwith‘‘knowledgeofconditionsandmannerofappropriateuse,
6、inconformitywithvariouspurposes’’thanwith‘‘theknowledgeofformandmeaning’’(224),whichisthemainfocusofhisscienti?cinquiry.ForChomsky,grammaticalcompetenceiscon?nedtothedomainofsyn-tax,withsomereferencestosemanticsandphonology.Thisknowledgeofformalpropertiesofgrammarisimplicit(that
7、is,unconscious,intuitive).Forexample,thenativespeakermaybeabletocorrectlydeterminethatthesentence*Israining?isungrammaticalwithoutbeingabletoprovideanexplicitexplanationastowhy.Chomsky’stheoryoflinguisticcompetencereferstothenativespeaker’simplicitratherthanexplicit(conscious)kn
8、owl-edgeoftheformalpropertiesofL1grammar.Noteth
