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英語修辭手法1.修辭格的含義(DefinitionofFiguresofSpeech/Rhetoric)Figuresofspeech(修辭)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.2.英語修辭格種類修辭格(figuresofspeech)是提高語言表達(dá)效果的語言藝術(shù)。它能使語言生動形象、具體活潑,給人以美的享受。要翻譯好英語修辭格,首先要弄清其特點(diǎn)、弄清英漢兩種語言在這方面的異同,然后根據(jù)具體情況采用恰當(dāng)?shù)募记蛇M(jìn)行翻譯。英語修辭格種類很多,但粗略分來似可分為音韻修辭格、詞義修辭格和句法修辭格。1)音韻修辭格(phonologicalrhetoricaldevices)?顧名思義,音韻修辭格是利用詞語的語音特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。它主要包括onomatopoeia(擬聲)、alliteration(押頭韻)和assonance(準(zhǔn)押韻、押中韻)。Onomatopoeia是模仿事物發(fā)出的聲響的修辭手法,與漢語的擬聲辭格完全相同。恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用它可以使語言更加形象生動。如:?Presentlytherecametheclickofhigh-heeledshoes.高跟皮鞋聲閣閣地傳了過來。???Alliteration就是在一個(gè)詞組或一個(gè)詩行中,有兩個(gè)以上彼此靠近的詞,其開頭的音節(jié)(或其他重讀音節(jié))具有同樣的字母或聲音;assonance是在一句話或在一個(gè)詩行中間,有兩個(gè)或更多的詞具有相同的元音。前者與漢語的雙聲(漢語中兩個(gè)或多個(gè)音節(jié),聲母相同,叫做雙聲,它不是辭格)相似,后者與漢語的疊韻(兩個(gè)或多個(gè)音節(jié)彼此韻母相同)非常相似。例如:(1)PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickingpepper.(alliteration)皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。Itsflavorwinsfavor.以我茗香,贏君品嘗。(以香取勝。)(茶)Safety,SecurityandSimplicity.安全,安心,實(shí)用。(手機(jī))Feelgood,fastfood.Crestwhitenswhites.Fresh,clean,crisp,nevertoosweet;Fun,friendly,free.(2)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletohewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope.懷著這個(gè)信念,我們能把絕望的大山鑿成希望的磐石。(assonance)2)詞義修辭格(semanticrhetoricaldevices)???詞義修辭格主要借助語義的聯(lián)想和語言的變化等特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。它們主要包括simile,metaphor,allusion,metonymy,transferredepithet,personification,hyperbole,irony,euphemism,pun,oxymoron,zeugma,contrast等。?????A.simile,metaphor;allusion???Simile與漢語的明喻基本相同,用某一事物或情境來比擬另一個(gè)事物或情境。其本體和喻體均同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在句中,在形式上是相對應(yīng)的。英語simile的比喻詞一般是like,as(……as)等,漢語明喻的比喻詞通常是"好象"、"仿佛"等。例如:???Theyarelikestreetcarsrunningcontentedlyontheirrails.???這些人猶如街上的有軌電車,滿足于在自己的軌道上運(yùn)行。Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.Myloveislikeared,redrose.Myheartislikeasingingbird;myheartislikeappletree.?Metaphor兼有漢語隱喻、借喻及擬物的特點(diǎn),即把甲事物當(dāng)作乙事物來描寫。如:???(1)Experienceisthemotherofwisdom.經(jīng)驗(yàn)為智慧之母。(隱喻)???(2)Sheissheddingcrocodiletears.她在掉鱷魚眼淚。(借喻)???(3)Markmywords,thefirstwomanwhofishesforhim,hookshim.瞧著吧,不管什么女人釣他,他就會上鉤。(擬物)(4)Theworldisastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;theyhavetheirexitsandentrances.整個(gè)世界就是座舞臺,天下的男男女女不過是演員。他們有上場,也有下場。?Samisapig.(Samislikeapig).Samdevoursbooks.Theteethofthesaw;thetongueoftheshoe;Aseaoftroubles;arainofbullets;hisclothesareloud;herreplywassmooth.Rabbitears(天線)???比喻修辭手法主要涉及形象。人們生活在自然界,有許多共同的經(jīng)歷和感受。比較英漢兩種語言中常用的比喻,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多驚人的相似之處,比如都用狐貍比喻狡猾,用羊比喻溫順、用鋼鐵比喻堅(jiān)硬,常見喻體相同的還有Footnote(腳注)、Harelip(兔唇)等。當(dāng)然,比喻形象往往打上各個(gè)民族獨(dú)特文化的烙印,某些英語喻體形象會讓中國讀者不知所云,如英文aswiseasamanof
1Gotham("象戈丹人一樣明智")就讓人費(fèi)解。其實(shí)戈丹是英國的一個(gè)村莊,相傳那里的人是最愚蠢的,所以這個(gè)比喻的意思是"蠢笨無比"。類似的例子還有:?asthickasthieves親密無間(不是"像賊一樣厚")asoldasthehills古老(不是"像山一樣老")AslightasafeatherAsoldashills/seas;ashungryasawolf;asslyasafox;asthickasawall;asproudaspeacock;likemushrooms;asthinasalath;Lightasabreeze,softasacloud.(廣告語;)???Theshipplowsthesea.船在乘風(fēng)破浪地前進(jìn)。(不是"船在犁海")??Allusion與漢語的暗引相近似。其特點(diǎn)是不注明來源和出處,一般多引用人們熟知的關(guān)鍵詞或詞組,將其融合編織在作者的話語中。引用的東西包括典故、諺語、成語、格言和俗語等。英語引用最多的是源出《圣經(jīng)》故事以及希臘、羅馬神話、《伊索寓言》和那些淵源流長的諺語、格言等。例如:???(1)GrammarmaybehisheelofAchilles.語法是他的大弱點(diǎn)。(Achilles是希臘神話中的一位勇士。除了腳踵處,他身上其他地方刀槍不入。)???(2)Theprojectisaneconomicalbatrossfromthestart.???這個(gè)項(xiàng)目從一開始就是一個(gè)擺脫不了的經(jīng)濟(jì)難題。(Albatross是英國詩人柯勒律治的《古舟子詠》中的信天翁,它被忘恩負(fù)義的水手殺死后,全船陷入災(zāi)難中。)Youwantyourpoundofflesh;swordofDamocles;???B.metonymy(借代);transferredepithet(移就)Metonymy(借代)、synecdoche(提喻)和antonomasia(換稱)都是不直接說出事物的本來名稱,而換用另一個(gè)名稱或另一個(gè)說法。它們大體上相當(dāng)于漢語的借代(分為旁借和對代兩類)。如Crown(王冠)可喻指君主、王權(quán)、王國政府等;doll(玩具)可喻指姑娘、寶貝等。再如:???(1)Thebabywasbroughtuponthebottle.???這個(gè)嬰兒是喝牛奶或羊奶長大的。(metonymy──用奶瓶代奶)???(2)SomemuteingloriousMiltonheremayrest.某個(gè)沉默的、無名詩人也許在此長眠。(antonomasia──用米爾頓代詩人)YoungmenaresuggestedtoreadShakespeare.年輕人應(yīng)該去讀一讀莎士比亞。HeisanotherSherlock;HeisaregularSherlockHolmes;HeisNapoleonofthecrime.Thecurtainsgoesup----BeijingPermitsinvestmentallalongitscoastline.Bothsidesarelookingforavirginbirth,adealwithnoobviousfather.IndiawillbecomeaTowerofBabel.ThereissomethingrotteninthestateofEurope.(ThereissomethingrotteninthestateofDenmark.)Solomon—awiseman;Judas---traitor;Waterloo----autterdefeat;Nero---atyrant:UncleTom---aNegrowhocompromisesandconformswiththewhites;Daniel---awiseandfairjudge;DonJuan(唐璜)—aphilanderer(調(diào)戲婦女的人);Prometheusunbound;Muses;DamonandPythias;Redtape;thepenismightierthansword;Hesucceededthecrown;Heistheprideoftheschool;Thecattleboils;Thehallapplauded;thewholecitywentout;thoseblueeyeswalkedintotheoffice;shegaveherhearttotheyoungman;UncleSam;thePentagon;Hollywood;theWhiteHouse;theDowningStreet;theKremlin;Zhongnanhai;WallStreet;cutthroat;thesmilingyear;weneedmorehands;wewanttoseehowthenewfacesperform;theFleetStreet;Transferredepithet是采用表示性質(zhì)和特征的形容詞或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞來修飾、限定與它根本不同屬性的名詞。這種修辭手法能與漢語中的移就基本相似。例如:???Thedoctor'sfaceexpressedakindofdoubtingadmiration.(用"疑惑"修飾限定"欽佩")醫(yī)生的臉上流露出欽佩而又帶有疑惑的神情。??…..?butthemerriestmonthinalltheyearisthemerrymonthofMay;MerryChrismatesandHappyNewYear;theGrapesofWrath;Helayallnightonasleeplesspillow;Melisashookherdoubtfulcurls;theprisonwasplacedinacondemnedcell;Alackeypresentedanobsequiouscupofcoffee;theindefatigablebellnowsoundedforthefourthtime;hethrewareassuringarmaroundmyshoulders;Ifeltthecoolsupportofthewater;theyareexchangingsmilingwords;C.personification;hyperbole???personification與漢語擬人完全相同,就是賦予物以人的言語屬性。這種擬人化的修辭手法讀起來使人感到特別形象生動、富有情趣。例如:???Wordspaynodebts.空話還不了債。Howsoonhathtime,thesubtlethiefofyouth,stolenonhiswingmythreeandtwentyyears.Love,freeasair,atthesightofhumanties,spreadhiswingsandinamomentflies.?FlowersbyInterfloraspeakfromheart.“茵特”之花,表達(dá)肺腑之言。Hyperbole與漢語的夸張完全相同,都是為了表達(dá)深刻的感受,抒發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的感情,通過故意夸大事實(shí)來給人留下深刻的印象。例如:???Hiswordsmademybloodfreeze.聽了他的話,我的血都快凝固了。
2???Weweredyingtodeathonreachingthepeak.Iwouldgivetheworldtoseeyou.IhadtoldyoufortytimesthatifyoutouchedthatjamI’dskinyou.Mary'stwodaughtersaredifferentintheirpersonalitiesinathousandandoneways.瑪麗的兩個(gè)女兒在性格上有天壤之別Forshewasbeautiful--herbeautymadethebrightworlddim,andeverythingbesideseemedlikethefleetingimageofshade.因?yàn)樗亮恕拿朗构鉅N的世界黯然失色,她身邊的一切都像是瞬間而逝的煙云。(恰如其分地道出她的美)It'sacrimetostayinsideonsuchabeautifulday.今天陽光明媚,躲在家中,實(shí)在是罪過。WhenIheardthenews,eachhaironmyheadseemedtobestandingonend.當(dāng)我聽到那個(gè)消息時(shí),頭上的每根頭發(fā)都好像倒豎了起來。Weare200%surethatit’ssafe.Ihaven’tseenyouforages.Sheshedfloodsoftears.IbegyouathousandpardonsThewaveranmountainhigh.Bloodstreameddownfromhisforehead.Thecostmountedastronomicalfigures.Iwasscaredtodeath.HehasanencyclopedicknowledgeofChinesemedicine.Thanksamillion!We’vehiddenagardenfullofvegetablewhereyou’dneverexpect.Inapie.Hersmilecouldheatupanation.Herfragrancecapturedacountry.迷魂?duì)科切γ矁A國傾城芳香D.irony(反語);euphemism委婉;pun雙關(guān)Irony的含義比漢語的反語廣泛。它包括verbalirony,dramaticirony,situationalirony。后兩種已超出一般修辭格的范疇,這里不作詳細(xì)介紹。Verbalirony與漢語反語的特點(diǎn)完全相同,也是正話反說,反話正說,一般需借助于特定的上下文和語境才能被正確理解。在多數(shù)情況下,irony可以譯成漢語的反語。例如:???Shetalkedaboutgreatpeopleasifshehadthefee-simpleofMayFair,andwhenthecourtwentintomourning,shealwaysworeblack.----VanityFair(Chapter52)她一開口就是某某勛爵某某大人,那口氣竟好象她生來就是貴族。宮里有了喪事,她沒有一回不穿孝。??Whatanobleillustrationofthetenderlawsofhisfavouredcountry!---Theyletthepaupergotosleep!(Dickens)Youdevilsoughttosearchourheadsnotourpockets.(Gorky)Ifpeoplekeeptellingyoutoquitsmokingcigarettes,don’tlisten…Theyareprobablytryingtotrickyouintoliving.?Euphemism就是用轉(zhuǎn)彎抹角的說法來代替直截了當(dāng)?shù)脑?,把原來顯得粗魯或令人尷尬的語言溫和、含蓄地表達(dá)出來。這在漢語中叫委婉語。?如在一個(gè)野外旅行的場景當(dāng)中,女友對男友說Waitaminute,Iwanttopickadaisy.如果你把它翻譯成“等一等,我想去摘一朵菊花”,那可就要鬧笑話了,因?yàn)樗f的topickadaisy是“方便”的委婉語;英語中死亡的委婉說法有數(shù)百種之多:topassaway(離開),togotosleep(長眠),togotoheaven(上西天),tobenomore(不在了),tojointhemajority(加入了大多數(shù)),togotogloryexpire(去了光榮的國度),corpse(跨了),depart(離開),kickthebucket(蹬腿),breatheone’slast(停止了呼吸)等等“秘書”成了administrativeassistant(行政助理),把保姆maid稱為domestic-help(內(nèi)務(wù)助手),老人被稱之為“年長公民”(seniorcitizen)。在談到某人失業(yè)時(shí)(outofjob),常用betweenjobs,tobedevelopinganewproject,tobeself-employed,相當(dāng)于漢語的“待業(yè)”,“找工作當(dāng)中”。就連屠夫(butcher)也搖身一變,成了meattechnologist(肉類技術(shù)專家),貧民窟也有了悅耳動聽的叫法substandardhousing(不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的住宅)或specialarea(特殊區(qū))例如:???用sanitationengineer替代garbageman(清潔工)用thedisadvantaged替代thepoor(窮人)???用industrialaction替代strike(罷工)?Pun與漢語雙關(guān)一樣,就是用一個(gè)詞,一句話,或一個(gè)語言片段同時(shí)表達(dá)雙重意思:一個(gè)是表面的,一是隱含的,并且以隱含的意思為主。恰當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)用這種手法會使語言生動有趣,達(dá)到由此及彼的效果。英語pun和漢語的雙關(guān)語都可以分為兩類:諧音雙關(guān)(homophonicpuns)和語義雙關(guān)(homographicpuns)。前者是利用詞意根本不同的諧音詞構(gòu)成。后者是利用一詞多義的特點(diǎn)來構(gòu)成。雖然pun和漢語雙關(guān)在格式和修辭作用上基本相同,但是由于兩種語言的語音不同,多義詞也很難找到完全對應(yīng)的詞語。例如:???Whatdoesthatlawyerdoafterhedies?--Liestill.那個(gè)律師死后干什么?──躺著仍說鬼話。(注:lie躺,撒謊;still安靜地,仍然)???Sevendayswithoutwatermakesoneweek.一個(gè)人一周七天不喝水會變得虛弱。Wemustallhangtogether,orweshallhangseparately.我們必須團(tuán)結(jié)在一起,否則我們將一個(gè)一個(gè)地被絞死。A:Ican’tbearafool.B:Yourmothercould.A:我不能忍受一個(gè)傻瓜。B:你母親能。YouwillgonutsforthenutsyougetinNux.(堅(jiān)果廣告)納克斯堅(jiān)果,讓你欲罷不能的堅(jiān)果。Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforthegoodofhiscountry.
3Heliesfirstononeside,andthenontheother,andremainswideawakeallthetime.Heliesstillwhenhedies.Tryoursweetcorn,youwillsmileforeartoear.Acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.Moresunandairforyoursonandheir.這里有充足的陽光,清新的空氣,一切為了您的子孫后代。(海濱浴場)Trustus.Over5,000earsofexperience.相信我們吧。歷經(jīng)5000多只耳朵的檢驗(yàn),有著5000多年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。(助聽器)AskingforMore.NocigarettegivesmeMoretaste.再來一支摩爾煙吧,它品味獨(dú)特,令我難舍。Tryoursweetcorn.You’llsmilefromeartoear.Ear雙關(guān):玉米穗、耳朵。品嘗我們的甜玉米吧,穗穗令你歡樂開懷。FromSharpminds,comeSharpproducts.絕頂智慧造就尖端夏普。E.oxymoron(矛盾修辭法);zeugma(共軛);contrast(對比)???Oxymoron(矛盾修辭法)與漢語中的反映辭格類似,都是將相互矛盾的概念和判斷巧妙地聯(lián)系在一起,以便相互映襯,突出事物的特點(diǎn),表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想感情和意味深長的哲理。矛盾修辭手法在英語中常見,但在漢語中很少見。如:sweetsorrow憂喜參半(不是甜蜜的悲傷);proudhumility不卑不亢(不是驕傲的謙卑)bitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos(混亂)Wouldyouhavethecruelkindnesstogivemeaquickerdeath?Whatshesaidisfalselytrue.Thejob-huntingpeoplearesaidtoliveinalaboriousidleness.Makehasteslowly.Hishonorrootedindishonoredstood.Andfaithunfaithfulkepthimfalselytrue.(Tennyson)他的榮譽(yù)根植于不名譽(yù)。而不忠誠的誠實(shí)使他似真還假。Beautifultyrant,fiend(cruel)angelical,美麗的暴君,天使般惡魔,Dovefeather’sraven,wolfishraveninglamb.長著鴿子各自羽毛的渡鴉,嗜殺成性的羔羊。Despisedsubstanceofdivinestshow,神圣儀表下的卑鄙品質(zhì),Justoppositetowhatthoujustlyseem,正是你公正的外貌下的對立物Adamnedsaint,anhonorablevillain.(W.Shakespeare)該詛咒的圣徒,體面的惡棍。It(NewYork)hasthepoorestmillionaires,thelittlestgreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thelowestskyscrapers,thedolefulestpleasureofanytownIeversaw.(O.Henry)這座城市里有的是心靈最空虛的百萬富翁,人格最渺小的偉人,最目空一切的乞丐,最使人瞧不起的美女,最卑鄙齷齪的摩天大樓和最令人悲哀的娛樂。這些現(xiàn)象之奇特,比我所見的任何城市都有過之而不及。???Zeugma(軛式搭配法)是用一個(gè)詞(動詞、形容詞或介詞)與兩個(gè)以上的在意義上不相干的名詞搭配。它用詞簡練,饒有風(fēng)趣,與漢語的拈連在性質(zhì)上完全一致。例如:???Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessboy.???她對這個(gè)無家可歸的孩子打開了自己的大門,也打開了自己的心扉。???Atnoon,MrsTurpinwouldgetoutbedandhumour,putonKimono,airs,andwatertoboilcoffee.Shedroppedatearandherhandkerchief.(Dickens);Shepossessedtwofalseteethandasympathyheart.(O.Henry)Theyhadweepingeyesandhearts.Towagewarandpeace.Killthemanandtheluggage!….WhenIandmysorrowaredust.(Dickens).IwouldmyhorsehadthespeedofyourtongueContrast和漢語的對照在修辭格上是完全相同的,就是把兩個(gè)相反的事物或一件事物的正反兩方面放在一起,在比較和襯托之中突出不同事物的矛盾性,例如:???Unitedwestand,dividedwefall.合則存,分則亡。?Cancerisoftencurable.Thefearofcancerisoftenfatal.Domore.Workless.Onceanimperialpalace;nowaluxuryhotel.Parody(仿擬)修辭是揭某種固定形式,如詞句、語篇等,而造出的異于原形式的表達(dá)手段。如《泰晤士報(bào)》的廣告語:Wetakenoprideinprejudice.就是仿擬奧斯汀的名著PrideandPrejudice,再如:Wherethereisaway,thereisaToyota.豐田汽車,風(fēng)行天下。GiveaTimextoall,andtoallagoodtime.Notallmobilephonesarecreated.Practicereallydoesmakeperfect.BritainRues(悔恨)theWaves(AndrewNeil)-----BritainRulestheWaves3)句法修辭格(syntacticalrhetoricaldevices)???句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的修辭格主要是指通過句子結(jié)構(gòu)的均衡布局或是突出重點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的修辭手法。這類辭格主要包括repetition,rhetoricalquestion,antithesis,apostrophe,parallelism等。它們與漢語中的反復(fù)、設(shè)問、對偶、倒裝,、排比基本相同。例如:???(1)Ihavewritteninbedandwrittenoutofit,writtendayandnight.???我臥床寫,起床寫;白天寫,晚上也寫。(repetition)ExtraTaste.NotExtraCalories.Childhoodisn’tchildhoodwithoutit.立頓(Lipton)牌茶葉的廣告標(biāo)題:Whenyou’resippingLipton,you’resippingsomethingspecial.啜飲立頓茶,品嘗獨(dú)特味。
4某航空運(yùn)輸公司的廣告語:Firstinairfreightwithairfreightfirst.第一貨運(yùn),運(yùn)貨第一。???(2)Thegods,theysay,givebreath,andtheytakeitaway.Butthesamecouldbesaid-coulditnot?人都說老天爺把氣賜予生靈,又把氣奪走。不過這話用在小小的逗號上,何嘗不是如此?(rhetoricalquestion)????(4)Upwenttheballoonintothecloudlesssky.氣球騰空而起,飄入萬里無云的藍(lán)天。(anastrophe)Antithesis:(對偶)Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.Forexample,Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.Manproposes,Goddisposes.謀事在人,成事在天。NotthatIloveCaesarless,butthatIloveRomemore.(揭示Brutus謀權(quán)篡位的狼子野心)Toerrishuman;toforgive,divine.Deedsshowwhatweare;words,whatweshouldbe.Itisbettertolivelikeaspendthrift(揮金如土)thantowastelikeamiser(吝嗇鬼).Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheepochofbelieve,itwastheearofincredulity;itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness;itwastheSpringofHope,itwastheWinterofDespair.wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus.WewereallgoingdirecttoHeavon,weallgoingdirecttheotherway.(Dickens:ATaleofTwoCities)(antithesis)Hisfeeswashigh;hislessonswerelight;heisthehighlight(精英)oftheuniversity.(O.Henry)Craftymencondemnstudies;simplemenadmirethem;andwisemenusethem.(Bacon)Wecanallswimtogether,butwecanalsoallsinktogether.Ideserveneithersuchpraisnorsuchcensure(責(zé)備).(J.Austen:PrideandPrejudice)AsCaesarlovedme,Iweepforhim;ashewasfortune,Irejoiceatit;ashevaliant,Ihonourhim;butashewasambitious,Islewhim;thereistearsforhislove;joyforhisfortune;honourforhisvalour;anddeathforhisambition.(W.Shakespeare)Climax:(漸進(jìn))ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder"andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.Forexample,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.?Anti-climaxorbathos:(突降)ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone'sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.Forinstance,Butthousandsdie,withoutorthisorthat,die,andendow(賦予)acollege,oracat.