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EnglishPhonology PrefaceThePhonicMediumofLanguagePhonetics&PhonologySpeechOrgans/VocalOrgansVowels&ConsonantsTestYourself
1ThephonicmediumoflanguageSpeechandwritingarethetwomediaorsubstancesusedbynaturallanguagesasvehiclesforcommunication.Over5,000
2Whichmediumismorebasic?Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.
3Phonetics語音學PhoneticsisthestudyofsoundsSpeechProduction(SpeakerA)SpeechPerception(SpeakerB)betransmittedArticulatoryphoneticsAcousticphoneticsAuditoryphonetics發(fā)音語音學聲學語音學聽覺語音學
4Phoneticslooksatspeechsoundsfromthreedistinctbutrelatedpointsofview. Therearethreebranchesofphonetics:articulatoryphonetics:isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds,itstudiesthesoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.,howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.acousticphonetics:isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech,itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.auditoryphonetics:isthestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds,itlooksatthesoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.,howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.thelongesthistory
5Phonology音位學Phonologyisthestudyofsoundpatterns.Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,withitsprimaryaimbeingtodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.
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8Thepharyngealcavity咽腔[,f?rin'd?i:?l]Theycanberelaxedandfoldedbackateachsidetoletairflowthroughfreelyandsilentlyasinnormalbreathing.
9Theoralcavity口腔Thegreatestsourceofmodificationoftheairstreamisfoundintheoralcavity.Thespeechorganslocatedinthiscavityarethetongue,theuvula['ju?vj?l?]小舌,thesoftpalate(thevelum['vi?l?m])軟腭,thehardpalate硬腭,theteethridge(thealveolus[?l'vi?l?s])牙槽/齒齦,theteethandthelips.['vi:lik]軟顎頂['e?peks]
10Thenasalcavity鼻腔Thenthepassagecanalsobeleftopentoallowair(orpartofit)toexitthroughthenose.Inthiscase,thesoundspronouncedarenasalized,suchasthethreenasalconsonantsinEnglish[m],[n],and[?].
11SoundSymbols/Transcriptions音標Vowels元音Consonants輔音Obstructionoftheairstream
12AninitialclassificationwilldividethespeechsoundsinEnglishintotwobroadcategories:vowelsandconsonants.Herearetwodefinitionsofvowels:“Vowelsaremodificationsofthevoice-soundthatinvolvenoclosure,friction,orcontactofthetongueorlips.”“Avowelisdefinedasavoicedsoundinformingwhichtheairissuesinacontinuousstreamthroughthepharynxandmouth,therebeingnoaudiblefriction.”
13Thetwodefinitionspointtooneimportantfeatureofvowels,i.e.inproducingavoweltheairstreamcomingfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionwhatsoever.Thismarkstheessentialdifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonants.Intheproductionofthelattercategory—theconsonants,itisobstructedinonewayoranother.
14The Vowelsmonophthongs:[‘m?n?fθ??]diphthongs:[‘difθ??]triphthongs:['trifθ??]thefrontvowelsthecentralvowelsthebackvowelstheclosingdiphthongsthecentringdiphthongs
15monophthongs：單元音['m?n?fθ??]Asintheproductionofvowelstheairstreammeetswithnoobstruction.Vowelsaredifferentiatedbythefollowingfactors:thepositionofthetonguetheopennessofthemouththeshapeofthelipsthelengthofthevowels
16thepositionofthetongue:Frontvowels:thefrontpartofthetonguemaintainsthehighestposition;[i:][I][e][?]Centralvowels:thecentralpartofthetonguemaintainsthehighestposition;[?:][?][?]Backvowels:thebackpartofthetonguemaintainsthehighestposition;[u:][u][?:][?][ɑ:]
17theopennessofthemouthclosevowels:[i:][I][u:][u]semi-closevowels:[e][?:]semi-openvowels:[?][?:]openvowels:[?][?][?][ɑ:]
18theshapeofthelipsunroundedvowels:withoutroundingthelips;inEnglish,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunroundedvowelsroundedvowels:allthebackvowelswiththeexceptionof[ɑ:],arerounded.
19thelengthofthevowelslongvowels:tensevowels;thelarynxisinastateoftensionshortvowels:laxvowels;thelarynxisquiterelaxed
20ClassificationofConsonants
21IntermsofVibrationofVocalCords,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Voicelessconsonants:withoutvocalcordsvibration清輔音(VL)Voicedconsonants:withvocalcordsvibration濁輔音(VD)
22IntermsofPlaceofArticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Bilabial（雙唇音）:/pbmw/Labio-dental（唇齒音）:/fv/Dental（齒音）:/θe/Alveolar（齒齦音）:/tdsz(t?)(d?)nlr/Palatal（硬顎音）:/??t?d?/Velar（軟顎音）:/kg?/Glottal（聲門音/喉塞音）:/h/
23IntermsofMannerofArticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Plosives（爆破音）:/pbtdkg/Fricatives（摩擦音）:/fvθesz??h/Affricates（破擦音）:/t?d?/Nasals（鼻音）:/mn?/Liquids（流音）:/lr/Glides（滑音）/semi-vowels（半元音）:/wj/
24Bilabial雙唇音Labio-dental唇齒音Dental齒音Alveolar齒齦音Palatal硬顎音Velar軟顎音Glottal聲門音PlosivesVLptkVDbdgFricativesVLfθs?hVDvez?AffricatesVL(t?)t?VD(d?)d?NasalsVDmn?LiquidsVDl,rGlidesVDwjClassificationsofConsonantsPlaceManner
25Textyourself:Whatarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication?Ofthetwo,whichoneisprimary?Whatisphonetics?Whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?Whichthreeimportantareasarespeechorganscontainedin?Inwhichcavitymighttheearliestsoundmodificationoccur?Speechandwriting.Speech.Phoneticsisthestudyofsounds.Articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,&auditoryphonetics.Thenasalcavity,theoralcavity,&thepharyngealcavity.Theoralcavity.
