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綜合英語考前資料綜合英語二集訓資料系動詞系動詞,亦稱連系動詞(LinkVerb)。作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,后邊必須跟表語,亦稱補語(形容詞),構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特征等情況。英語除動詞be之外,還有一些動詞也可以做系動詞,如表示狀態(tài)或情況的:keep,look,feel,appear,lie,remain,seem,stay,smell,sound,taste等;以及表示變化的:get,grow,turn,fall,run,become,go,等。1.tobe可以加在seem,prove,remain,appear等系動詞和其后的名詞或形容詞之間,但也可以省略。E.g.Thetaskproved(tobe)impossible.E.g.Theyseem(tobe)suchfriendlypeople,buttheyneverrepliedtoourinvitation.注意:在seem,appear等詞后,可加其他非tobe不定式,但這時他們不是系動詞,而是不及物動詞。Courtesy,politeness,goodmanner?Callitwhatyouwill,thesupplyneverseemstoequalthedemand.非人稱代詞it做句子的形式主語1.代表不定式E.g.Itisabsurdtobeafraidundersuchcircumstances.2.代表動名詞E.g.ItisterribletryingtokeepupwiththeJones.3.代表that引導的從句E.g.Itisplaintoeveryonethatshewasoffended.4.代表wh-引導的從句E.g.Aslongashefinisheshiswork,itdoesn’tmatterwhenhecomestotheoffice.做句子的形式賓語1.代表不定式E.g.Theyfounditdifficulttogetalongwithhim.2.代表從句E.g.Ithinkitbestthatyou(should)staywithme.E.g.Hesoonmadeitclearwhyhehadaskedaconference.用來改變句子結構,使句子某一成分得到強調1.強調主語E.g.Itwasshewhoputforwardthesuggestion.2.強調賓語E.g.itisthatpaintingthathehassoldatagoodprofit.3.強調狀語E.g.itwasthroughmethathehasgotthepresentjob.強調用so表示強調用so強調聽者同意說者所言,這種用法只將so提到句首,其他成分位置不變。E.g.–youhavespilledcoffeeonyourdress.-SoIhave.1
1綜合英語考前資料情態(tài)動詞+完成式could+have+過去分詞有時表示過去的時間,說明某事可能已發(fā)生,有時也表示與事實相反,表示本來有能力做某事,但卻未做。E.g.Whathappenedintheairportcouldhavebeentrue.might/may+have+過去分詞表示對已經發(fā)生的情況進行揣測,但語氣相當不肯定,表示近乎未實現(xiàn)的行為.E.g.Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.must+have+過去分詞是對發(fā)生在過去的一種行為的推測,表示過去必定發(fā)生過的事情,語氣相當肯定,表示“肯定,一定”。E.g.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.Thegroundiswet.should/oughtto+have+過去分詞表示該做而未做到的事,表示“本應”。E.g.Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.shouldnot/oughtn’tto+have+過去分詞表示做了不該做的事,表示“本不應該”。E.g.Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.can’t(couldn’t)+have+過去分詞表示對過去的動作進行否定性推測。意為“肯定沒有,肯定不是”。E.g.Thepoemcan’thavebeenwrittenbythelittlegirl;sheisonlyfour.would+have+過去分詞經常用于虛擬條件句中,表示與過去事實相反的猜測。E.g.Ifshehadknownaboutit,shewouldhavetalkedaboutit.needn’t+have+過去分詞表示不必做的事情卻做了,可譯為“原本不必”“其實不必”。E.g.Youneedn’thavedoneallthesecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodealwiththatsortofthing.主謂一致知識點一manya,morethanone+單數(shù)名詞,謂語仍然用單數(shù)。E.g.Manyasoldierhassacrificedhislifefortherevolution.2
2綜合英語考前資料知識點二eitherof+復數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù).E.g.Haseitherofyourparentsvisitedyou?知識點三and;bothand連接兩個單數(shù)形式的名詞詞組,謂語動詞用復數(shù).當主語在意義上指同一人,同一物或同一概念時,謂語用單數(shù).E.g.Aboyandagirlwanttogo.知識點四eachandeach;everyandevery等結構后,謂語用單數(shù).E.g.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.知識點五主語后面有aswellas;togetherwith;alongwith;ratherthan等詞組,謂語的單復數(shù)有主語來決定.E.g.I,togetherwithmymother,wasreadingattenyesterday.oneof+復數(shù)名詞+關系分句結構如先行詞為復數(shù)名詞,謂語則為復數(shù).當前面有theonly/very等限定詞修飾,謂語用單數(shù).E.g.Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.靠近原則:由notonly...butalso,either...or,neither...nor或or連接的并列主語。通常根據(jù)就近一致原則,謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式由最接近它的名詞詞組的單復數(shù)形式決定。E.g.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.由“anumberof,atotalof+復數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式;由“thenumberof,thetotalof+復數(shù)名詞”,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。E.g.Anumberofstudentsarewaitingforthebus.倒裝句帶有neither,nor,nomore的句子倒裝代詞neither,nor,nomore用于后面分句句首,且前面分句必須是否定句,這時后面分句不僅用倒裝結構,而且時態(tài)(包括助動詞)必須和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必須是肯定句。E.g.Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.知識點二虛擬結構中的條件從句省去if時,were,had和should要移至主語之前。E.g.HadIknownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.句首為否定詞和帶有否定意義的詞或短語作狀語或賓語時,常用部分倒裝。常用于這一結構的詞語有:little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,barely/hardly/scarcely…when,notuntilmuch/even/stillless,nolonger,notasingleword,notoften,等。帶only的句子的倒裝3
3綜合英語考前資料only位于句子開頭,如果修飾介詞短語或狀語從句,那么句子應倒裝。E.g.Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.Only引導的從句位于句首,主語應倒裝.E.g.Onlywhenshecamehomedidhelearnthenews.so/such…that結構中的so放在句首時,需要倒裝。E.g.Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim..E.g.Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.在as引導的讓步狀語從句中形容詞、名詞或副詞常移至從句之首,起強調作用。E.g.Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.E.g.Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.句首為manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchapoint等狀語時,句子需要部分倒裝。E.g.Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒裝。E.g.Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!介詞詞組放在句首.E.g.Infrontofthehousestandsatree.強調句型強調句:Itis/was+被強調部分+who/whom/that被強調的主語是人稱代詞時,既可用主格,也可用賓格.知識點四強調句it和先行詞it的區(qū)別如果把itis(was)that去掉,剩下的仍能組成完整的句子,就是強調句.E.g.ItisclearthatnotallthestudentslikeEnglish.E.g.ItwasthisplacethatImetTom.notuntil句型的強調E.g.Itwasnotuntil10o’clockthathewenttobed.E.g.NotuntilhefinishedthehomeworkdidhewatchTV.非謂語動詞分詞分詞的位置:4
4綜合英語考前資料單個分詞作定語一般放在所修飾的名詞前;也可放在名詞后,其作用是強調分詞的動作性,但一般僅限于過去分詞。E.g.theaspectsconcerned,E.g.theauthorityinvolved分詞的特殊形式1.分詞的復合結構,即分詞的獨立結構。當分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時,分詞必須帶上自己的主語,稱為獨立結構,可以表示原因,時間,伴隨等。1)n.+分詞短語E.g.(time)Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneagain.E.g.(reason)Themonitorbeingill,we’dbetterwaitforher.2.With+n.+分詞短語/adj./adv/prep…E.g.WithMr.Litakingthelead,thegroupaccuseditscompanyofdelayingtheirsalary.E.g.Withthemostpoptelevisionnetworkinhishand,themanhavehisproductsadvertisedatthegoldentimeforanhour.不定式1.with/without+分詞邏輯主語+分詞1)不定式常在下面動詞后面作賓語:afford,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,pretend,promise,refuse,learn,tend,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,etc.2)動詞+it(形式賓語)+形容詞(賓語補足語)+不定式(真正賓語),適用于此結構的動詞:believe,consider,feel,find,realize,see,suppose,think,understandetc.E.g.Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.2.“Wh-word+不定式”結構advise,decide,discuss,findout,know,learn,see,teach,tell,showunderstand,wonder等E.g.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.3.不定式作賓語補足語1)動詞ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,command,direct,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,have,hear,invite,lead,let,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,tell,urge,watch,see,requireetc.2)下列詞組后面的不定式不帶to:wouldrather…than…(寧愿…也不),hadbetter,can’thelpbut…(不得不),may/mightaswell…(不妨)務必注意的是:接不帶to的不定式作賓補的動詞改成被動形式時必須加to。E.g.Hehasseenninepresidentscomeandgo.E.g.Ninepresidentshavebeenseentocomeandgo(byhim).4.不定式的時態(tài)1)完成式:不定式的動作在謂語表示的動作之前完成,或想像中過去的動作或事情,但并沒有發(fā)生。E.g.Thisbookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.2)進行式:E.g.Thechildrenappeartobeenjoyingthemselvesattheparty.注意不定式的邏輯主語ofsb./forsb.E.g.Itisquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.E.g.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.5
5綜合英語考前資料動名詞知識點一接動名詞作賓語的動詞admit,avoid,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,appreciate,consider,mind,risk,practise,dislike,resent(怨恨),advise,pardon,require,quit(戒除),suggest知識點二有些動詞后既可以跟動名詞,也可以跟不定式like,love,start,continue,attempt,propose,forget,recall,endure,permit,deserve,regret,omit(疏忽,省略)etc.知識點三to作為介詞的短語beusedto,beaccustomedto,beopposedto反對,beaddictedto沉溺于,bedevotedto專心于,lookforwardto,objectto,seeto負責,留意動詞need,require,want,deserve后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。E.g.Allthecarsintheyardneedrepairing.1.plan,like,love,hate后動名詞表示抽象行為和一般動作,不定式表示具體的、特定的動作。E.g.Helikesdancingbuthedoesn’tliketodancewithstrangers.知識點五動名詞的邏輯主語1.動名詞的邏輯主語可以是形容詞性物主代詞或賓格,在句中兩者均可使用,在句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g.Their/Mary’scomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.2.動名詞的邏輯主語可以是形容詞性物主代詞或賓格,在句中兩者均可使用,在句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g.Their/Mary’scomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.虛擬語氣知識點一wish引導的賓從時間結構現(xiàn)在的情況過去式過去的情況had+過去分詞/couldhavedone將來的情況would/could+動詞原形E.g.Hewishesthathehadstudiedhardinuniversity.知識點二wouldratherthat時間結構現(xiàn)在、將來的情況用過去過去的情況用had+過去分詞E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidn’ttellmetheanswernow.E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidn’tgotheretomorrow.It’s(about/almost/high)timethat…從句用一般過去式E.g.It’stimethatyouwenttobed.E.g.It’stimethatclassbegan.if條件句6
6綜合英語考前資料可以省略if,助動詞were,had,should要前置,形成倒裝語序。Eg.Hadherfatheralotofmoney,hewouldsendherabroad.Eg.Wereitrainy,wewouldbuyanumbrella.“Wereitnotfor/Haditnotbeenfor+賓語”表示假設條件。E.g.Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldn’thavegotoverthedifficulties.E.g.Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldn’thavebeenabletopasstheexam.asif(asthough)引導的比較狀語從句中謂語動詞一般用were/had+過去分詞表虛擬。E.g.HespeaksEnglishsowellasifhewereEnglish.E.g.Shelookedasifshehadsucceeded.常見的引導賓語從句須用虛擬語氣的動詞advise,desire,maintain,command,demand,direct(命令),insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge,recommend等常見的引導同位語從句或表語從句須用虛擬語氣的名詞advice,command,desire,order,demand,recommendation,suggestion,insistence,proposal,request,requirement等;用在主語從句中時其結構通常為“Itis/was+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句(用虛擬語氣)”advisable,necessary,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,desirable,essential,important,natural,properpreferable,strange,vital,demanded,required,suggested,desired等。獨立主格獨立主格可以分為四類:不定式獨立結構、現(xiàn)在分詞獨立結構、過去分詞獨立結構、無動詞獨立結構不定式獨立主格:名詞詞組+不定式結構E.g.Hismothertocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準備飯菜。E.g.Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.他們道別后,一個回了家,一個去了書店?,F(xiàn)在分詞獨立主格:(介詞+)名詞詞組+現(xiàn)在分詞E.g.Withoutanyonenoticing,Islippedthroughthewindow.趁著沒人注意,我悄悄的順著窗戶溜出去過去分詞獨立主格:(介詞+)名詞詞組+過去分詞結構E.g.Iwouldn’tdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.工作沒完成,我不敢回家。無動詞獨立主格:(介詞+)名詞詞組+(介詞詞組)+(形容詞詞組或副詞詞組或名詞詞組)E.g.Thesummerholidaysover,wewentbacktowork.假期結束,我們回去工作。E.g.Twothousandpeoplediedintheearthquake,manyofthemchildren.地震中兩千人喪生,其中許多都是孩子情態(tài)動詞的區(qū)分NeedNeed做情態(tài)動詞時,主要用于否定句和疑問句,表示“沒有必要....”或”有必要...嗎?“E.g.Youneedn’tcomeallthewayjusttoseethefilm.E.g.Needweaccompanyouragingparentswherevertheygo?(1)needn’thave+動詞過去分詞“本不需要...”(雖然不需要,但實際上已經做了)E.g.Youneedn’thavepaidtheadmissionfee,forthelecturewasfreeformembersoftheclub.你本不需要付入場費的,這次演講是免費的。DareDare做情態(tài)動詞主要用于否定句、疑問句和感嘆句,其否定式是darenot或daren’t,過去式為dared,過去否定式為darednot.Darenot和darednot為正式語言,daren’t普遍使用。7
7綜合英語考前資料E.g.Shedaren’taskherbossforleaveasheseemstobeinabadmood.她不敢跟老板請假,因為老板似乎情緒不好。在肯定陳述句中,dare只有idaresay/daresay這一固定搭配,用于口語,表示“我想”,“我敢說”。注意:dare做實意動詞時,常用于肯定句中。E.g.Hedaredtobehavelikethatinmyhouse.UsetoUseto表示過去經常的活動或方式、習慣。“過去常常....”E.g.Sheusedtodislikespeakinginpublic,butnowshequiteenjoysit.其否定式為usednotto/usedn’t/didn’tuseto.但usednot最普通。E.g.SheusednotgetupearlyonSundaysbutnow,sinceshehaschangedherjob,shehasto.注意:usedto與be/getusedto的區(qū)別。be/getusedto表示“習慣于....”E.g.WhenyouareinLondon,youmustgetusedtodrivingontheleft.在倫敦你要習慣在左側駕駛。常見短語:insomerespects在某些方面takesth.seriously/personally認真對待/認為是針對自己的(not)matterwhat/how,etc.......(沒)有關系attachimportanceto重視gettrapped被困,陷于intermsof就······而言leadto導致seekout找到leave...untouched沒有提及過;沒有動過carryon經營farfrom并非,并不是worthyof值得berestrictedto僅限于takeover接管;兼并becapableof有能力holdout堅持takedelightin樂于,嗜好lookforwardto盼望provide...for...為......提供......giveinto屈服于distinguished(from…)by…因……有別于(……)oninstinct本能measure…against…對照……評價……runfor趕往,跑向beknownfor以……著稱incommand領導gotosb./sth.授予,被……贏得affordto(有條件)做passthrough經過allthemore更加turn…into把……變成holdoff使……難接近commenton/upon評論take…forgranted認為……理所當然shiftfrom…to從……轉為beharmfulto對……有害looklike看似holddown保持(職位)showup出現(xiàn)feelguiltyabout感到愧疚fill…with使……充滿showerwith大量給予cometorealize認識到y(tǒng)earnfor渴望moveahead進行,進展standupto頂住fallbehind落后givein讓步accountto…for向······交待keepat堅持makeroomfor騰出地方beboundto一定會8
8綜合英語考前資料sufferfrom患有,苦于havecontactwith與……聯(lián)系takeon獲得;呈現(xiàn)countout數(shù)出wearoff逐漸消失beblessedwith具有tryout試用;試行useup用完stickwith遵守beyondthelimits越出,超出(范圍、限度)familiarwith熟悉livetobe活至……adjustto適應fromsidetoside左右(搖擺)adaptoneselfto適應asthough似乎bepopularwith受歡迎sendfor請來betiredof厭倦speakof表達onaccountof因為regardlessof不顧giveaway捐獻blowtopieces炸毀gotosb.求助于makeout開(支票、賬單等)liveon靠……充饑countfor有價值besoughtafter受歡迎freefrom不受……的約束wouldn’thearof反對inthecommoninterestof為了……共同利益seeaboutsth.考慮resolvethat…決定blame…for歸咎于findoneselfdoingsth.發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在做……h(huán)avethehonourof…有幸做……relievesb.of減輕carefor愿意要;愿意做sympathizewith同情fall/breaktobits變得或摔得粉碎beateasewith輕松meantodo…有意做……findout發(fā)現(xiàn)not…foranything絕不beawareof知道burstinto爆發(fā)出;突然闖入stirup引起makeafoolof出洋相beacquaintedwith接觸,認識tobeginwith首先breakdown分解inhighspirits興致勃勃remindof令……回憶,想起itneverenteredone’smindthat………從未想到……allover到處limit…to僅限于persistin堅持holdup中斷knowof聽說figureout搞清楚,想清楚beconnectedto有關聯(lián)layout攤開soundawarning發(fā)出警告smellout察覺keep(radio)tunedfor收聽(廣播)situp(andtakenotice)(口)吃驚,嚇一跳;警覺look…intheeye直視,正視getoneselfinto卷入besquaredaway使……就緒alltheway一路上typicalof……是……的特征putupwith忍受makeitplain明確說明workout結果warnsb.of警告(某人)9
9綜合英語考前資料seenoneedfor認為沒有必要be/getoutofcontrol失控can’tcalloneself...不稱職imposesthonsb.把...強加...turn…out轟出;開除suspectsb.ofsth./doingsth.懷疑某人breakdown推倒;克服(障礙)comedownto可歸結為stopshort中途停下,停止throwlightonsth使明白,把....理出頭緒cometoastop停下;剎車dawnon/uponsb.(事物變得令人明白)inperson親自makeupfor彌補in…mind’seye有……印象;想像giveaway泄露saynothingabout一字不提invain徒勞的movein搬進foronething....foranother一個原因是.....,另一個原因spreadout攤開是...asfaras…know/cantell就……所知breakoff使脫落;使中斷goaboutdoingsth處理某事物inexchangefor以....為交換pointout指出sidebyside肩并肩;一起betemptedtodosth.受……誘惑resistdoingsth.burstwith充滿ontheincrease增加keepsthinmind記住,牢記breakinto闖進letsbdown辜負了....的期望standby遵守tidesbover幫助....度過困難時期speedup加快angonto緊抓不放accusedof被指控犯有……罪alltheway一路上hitupon(偶然)發(fā)現(xiàn),想到deprivesb/sthof從....剝奪consistof由……組成packinto擠入;裝入inprivate私下,秘密adjustto調整comeonthescene到來;問世careabout在意,關心intheinterestsof為了……利益beconcernedabout關心,掛念mean…to對……重要conformto/withsth與某事一致,吻合startout開始beinvolvedinsth與...有關系getonwith相處detractfromsth使遜色lookone’sbest顯現(xiàn)最佳狀態(tài)shareinsth分享appealto對……有吸引力feellikedoing想要做.....jumpintoaction立即行動sumup總結findaway(forsb.)todosth想出辦法做……identifywithsb與....同感getoutof逃避get/beunderway在進行中notsomuch...As...不是....而是....comeintouse開始使用taketroubletodosth費勁去做...haveaccessto有機會得到watchfor留心searchfor尋找,搜尋goadsb/sthintodoingsth激怒comeupwith發(fā)現(xiàn),找到,拿出(答案,方案等)beconsiderateof為...考慮10
10綜合英語考前資料becenteredon集中于havedifficultyindoingsth做....有困難referto說起,提起havenoreasontodo沒有理由做.....taketo開始,喜歡上guardagainst防止beconsciousof意識到,覺察到onthegroundthat因為,鑒于beboundtodo一定,必定clingto戀(或依靠);堅持inadditionto還...,另外itisnousedoing做....是徒勞的gooff想起makeamockeryof是對....的嘲笑inhonorof以....紀念,慶祝sacrificesthfor為....犧牲takeup從事ithappensthat(有時、往往)會發(fā)生;碰巧onoccasion間或,偶爾bychoice自愿wearoff漸漸消失workone’sway奮力前進drinkto為....干杯busyoneselfin/with使忙于,使忙碌comeintobeing產生compareto被比喻成....applyto適用于attendto照料;處理,對付applyfor申請drawforth引出誘出takesthintoaccount考慮....的因素addup加起來opento接納,對.....開放beassociatedwith與....聯(lián)系起來incontrastwith與....截然不同comeintoappearance開始被接受fallintostep調整步伐takepossessionof占領,占據(jù)beoutofstep步伐不一致reston以....為依據(jù)leaveoff終止playapart/rolein在....起作用separatesthfromsth隔開,區(qū)分succeedindoing成功的做....feelathome感到自在,感到賓至如歸convertinto把....轉變成becontentwith對....滿足wasteon浪費sizeup判斷,估計longfor渴望,極想得到beblessedwith賦有,享有befitfor適合embarkon開始,著手headtowards/for向....方向進攻putdown記下breakdown制服,壓垮brimwith洋溢著disposeof處理berewardedwith得到...的獎賞stayup熬夜devoteoneselfto致力于11