大學英語網(wǎng)絡(luò)試卷

《大學英語網(wǎng)絡(luò)試卷》由會員上傳分享，免費在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容在教育資源-天天文庫。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)試卷的錯題集1.Ifyoudon'tcookingtoday,wecangoouttoeatatthenewrestaurant.A.wouldlikeB.goonwithC.feellikeD.figureout2.Hedoesn'tofbuyingahousethisyearbecausethebankhasrefusedtolendhimanymoney.A.affordB.makethemostC.runoutD.standachance3.Doyouhernovelsasseriousliteratureorasmereentertainment?A.classifyB.notifyC.simplifyD.justify4.Thenewspaperdidn'tmentiontheofthedamagecausedbythefire.A.rangeB.levelC.extentD.quantity5.Itwillbeworththeeffortsevenifyoufail;therewardsyouwillbegreat.A.reapB.boastC.assureD.cultivate6.Hesuggestedtransportingthesuppliesbyair.Butitisabsolutely,foritwillcosttoomuch.A.unusualB.uncertainC.impracticalD.impressive7.Showingsomesenseofhumorcanbea(n)waytodealwithsomestressfulsituations.

1A.genuineB.availableC.effectiveD.favorite1.PoorLaura!Ifeelsosorryforher.Whenshefell,shehurtherarmand,,brokeherglasses.A.inadvanceB.inadditionC.overtimeD.ontheotherhand2.Theinvestigationevidenceofalarge-scaleillegaltradeinwildbirds.A.uncoveredB.outweighedC.overwhelmedD.evolved3.Motherstendtobetootowardtheirchildren.Theyshouldletthemseemoreoftheworld.A.hopefulB.protectiveC.modestD.encouraging4.Nootherdrugsareasgoodasthisone;itmusthavebeenbasedona(n)formula(配方).A.enormousB.stimulatingC.uniqueD.overwhelming5.theyhavewrittenaboutthebehaviorsofanimalsishardlyanythingnew.A.ThatB.ThisC.WhatD.Which6.Ibelievefriendshipisanessentialelementofmakingahealthy,life.A.flexibleB.rewardingC.wealthyD.inquisitive7.ItwaswhenIreadhisletterIrealizedhehadgivenmehugehelp.A.thatB.thenC.beforeD.after

21.Don'tworrytoomuch,Jane.Yoursonhomealready.Let'sgobackandcheckitout.A.returnedB.willreturnC.hasreturnedD.mayhavereturnedFormanypeopletoday,readingisnolongerrelaxation.Tokeepuptheirworktheymustreadletters,reports,tradepublications,interofficecommunications,nottomentionnewspapersandmagazines:anever-endingfloodofwords.Ingettingajoboradvancinginone,theabilitytoreadandcomprehendquicklycanmeanthedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.Yettheunfortunatefactisthatmostofusarepoorreaders.Mostofusdeveloppoorreadinghabitsatanearlyage,andnevergetoverthem.Themainproblemliesinlanguageitself-words.Singlewordshavelittlemeaninguntiltheyarecombinedintophrases,sentencesandparagraphs.Unfortunately,however,theuntrainedreaderdoesnotreadgroupsofwords.Hereadsonewordatatime,oftenregressingtorereadwordsorpassages.Regression,orlookingbackoverwhatyouhavejustread,isacommonbadhabitinreading.Anotherhabitwhichslowsdownthespeedofreadingisvocalization-soundingeachwordeitherorallyormentallyasonereads.Toovercomethesebadhabits,somereadingclinicsuseadevicecalledaccelerator（力□速器），whichmovesabardownthepageatapredeterminedspeed.Thebarissetataslightlyfasterratethanthereaderfindscomfortable,inorderto"stretch"him.Theacceleratorforcesthereadertoreadfast,makingword-by-wordreading,regressionandvocalizationvirtuallyimpossible.Atfirst,comprehensionissacrificedforspeed.Butwhenyoulearntoreadideas,youwillnotonlyreadfaster,butyourcomprehensionwillimprove.Manypeoplehavefoundtheirreadingskillsimprovedalotaftersometraining.1.Accordingtothepassage,todaymanypeoplenolongerreadfor.A.newsB.theirworkC.informationD.entertainment2.Mostpeoplecan*treadandcomprehendquicklymainlybecause.A.theydon'treadgroupsofwordsB.theydon'tliketobetrainedinreadingskillsC.theydon'trealizetheyhavepoorreadinghabitsD.theydon'tunderstandwordswhenputtogether3.ThefollowingareallbadreadinghabitsEXCEPT.A.regressionB.readingforideasonlyC.vocalizationD.word-by-wordreading

31.Howdoesanacceleratorhelppeopletoread?A.Ithelpspeoplereadatacomfortablespeed.B.Itmakespeoplestretchtheireyeswhenreading.C.Itforcespeopletoovercomebadreadinghabits.D.Itletspeoplelookbackoverwhattheyhavejustread.2.Whatdoes"Atfirst,comprehensionissacrificedforspeed"(Para.2,Sentence4)mean?A.Thereaderreadsfast,butheunderstandseverythinghereads.B.Thereaderreadsslowlyandheunderstandseverythinghereads.C.Thereaderreadsfastwithoutunderstandingeverythinghereads.D.Thereaderreadsslowly,buthedoesn'tunderstandeverythinghereads.Questions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Everybodylies.ItmayonlybeHwhitelies*',buteveryonetellsliesornomitsthetruth"sometimes.Peoplestartlyingataroundage4to5whenchildrengainanawarenessoftheuseandpoweroflanguage.Thisfirstlyingisnotill-natured,butrathertofindout,ortest,whatcanbecontrolledinachild'senvironment.Eventuallychildrenbegintouselyingtogetoutoftroubleorgetsomethingtheywant.Whitelies,thosetoldtoprotectsomeone'sfeelings,arenotabigdealatall.Theperson,however,whoseemstofeelforcedtolieaboutbothsmallandlargestuff,hasaproblem.Theylietoprotectthemselves,lookgood,gainfinanciallyorsociallyandavoidpunishment.Amuchmoretroublinggroupisthosewholiealot,andknowingly,forpersonalgain.Lyingoftengetsworsewiththepassageoftime.Whenyougetawaywithalie,itoftenforcesyoutocontinueyourlies.Whydowedislikeliarssomuch?It'samatteroftrust.Whenpeoplelie,theyhavebrokenabond-anunspokenagreementtotreatothersaswewouldliketobetreated.Seriouslyingoftenmakesitimpossibleforustotrustanotherpersonagain.Becausetheissue(問題)oftrustisatrisk,comingcleanaboutthelieassoonaspossibleisthebestwaytomendfences.Ifthetruthonlycomesoutonceitisforced,repairoftrustisfarlesslikely.Asaparent,themostimportantmessageyoucansendtoyourchildrenaboutlyingisthatyoualways-always-wantthemtocomecleanwithyou.Nomatterhowsmallalietheyhavetold,remindthemthatyouwouldalwaysratherhearthetruth,nomatterhowbaditis,thanbecheated.Tellthemthereisreallynothingbetterinyourrelationshipthanyourtrustofeachother.3.Accordingtothepassage,theworstliarsarethosewho.A.tellwhiteliesB.feelforcedtotellliesC.liealotforpersonalgainD.begantolieataveryyoungage4.Whafsthewriter'sopinionabouttelling"whitelies*'?A.Theydonotmattertoomuch.B.Theyarenecessaryinourlife.C.Theydonotcauseanyproblems.D.Theyareasbadasanyotherlies.

41.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Withtimepassingby,wewillforgettheliespeopletell.B.Whenapersonlies,hewillfeeluneasyandstoplyingsoon.C.Onceapersontellsabiglie,wewillnottrusthimanymore.D.Ifliesarenotfoundout,probablytheliarwillcontinuetolie.2.Whydowedislikeliarssomuch?A.Becausetheydonottrustothers.B.Becausetheylieforpersonalgains.C.Becausetheybetrayourtrustinthem.D.Becausetheylietoavoidpunishment.3.Whatshouldyoudoasaparentwhenyoufindyourchildrenhavelied?A.Tellthemtolearntotrustotherpeople.B.Tellthemtoexplainimmediatelywhytheyhavelied.C.Askthemtoforgetaboutthepastandnottolieanymore.D.Makethemrealizetheyshouldalwaystellthetruth.Questions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Schoolbuildingsthemselvescanshowliberal（開明的）orconservativeviewsaboutwhatshouldgooninaclassroom.Theearliestschoolshadseparateclassroomsfordifferentgrades.Theroomswerelaidoutformally,withpupils'desksfastenedtothefloorinstraightrowsfacingtheteacher'sdesk.Clearly,suchschoolsreflectedateacher-and-subject-centeredviewofeducation.Schoolsofthenextgenerationhadmoreopenspace,andmosthadmovabledesks.Theyalsooftenprovidedspecialroomsorareasforscience,art,music,andphysicaleducation.Therewerestillseparateroomsfordifferentgradelevels,however,andthedesksstillwerelikelytobeformallyarranged.Thatis,theschoolroomwasstilllargelydesignedtocarryouttheold-schoolprogram,whichinvolvedgradelevels,uniformtimeblocks,andstudyofsubjectmatters.Newersubjects,notnewerteachingmethods,accountedformostofwhatwasnewinschooldesign.Thefirstschoolbuildingsconstructedtoencourageliberalteachingmethodsappearedinthemid-1950s.Foldinginterior（內(nèi)部的）wallspermittedtheflexibleuseofspacetoencouragelarge-group,small-group,orindividualinstruction.Someprovidedcarrelsforindividualstudy,areasforteamteaching,andcentersforprogrammedinstruction.Inthenewestbuildingscalledopenschools,theuseofspaceisevenmoreflexible.Areaswithinthebuildingscanbereadilyexpandedforprogramchanges,andusedformanykindsoffunctions.Oneshouldremember,though,thephysicallayout（布局）ofaschoolcannotdecidewhetherithastheconservativeorliberalteachingpractices.Whatdetermineswhethertheclassroomisliberalorconservativeisthespiritandattitudeoftheteacher.4.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.Schoolbuildingsreflecttheimprovementineducationquality.B.Thephysicallayoutofaschoolshouldimproveteachingpractices.

5A.Schoolbuildingscanreflectliberalorconservativeviewsabouteducation.B.Teachers*spiritandattitudedeterminesthephysicallayoutoftheclassroom.1.What'sthebiggestdifferencebetweentheearliestandthesecond-generationschools?A.Subjectswerenewerinthelatterascomparedwiththeformer.B.Teachingmethodswerenewerinthelatterascomparedwiththeformer.C.Classroomswerelaidoutformallyintheformerandinformallyinthelatter.D.Theformerhadseparateclassroomsfordifferentgradeswhilethelatterdidn't.2.Theword"carrel“inParagraph3mostprobablyrefersto.A.aroomwithsmallspaceB.aroomwithfoldingwallsC.aroomwithliberalinstructionsD.aroomwithconservativeinstructions3.Accordingtothepassage,wemayinferthatthenewestschoolbuildingsreflect.A.asubject-centeredviewofeducationB.astudent-centeredviewofeducationC.ateacher-centeredviewofeducationD.apractice-centeredviewofeducation4.Whatofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassage?A.Inthenewestteachingbuildings,classroomsaremuchbigger.B.Intheschoolsofsecondgeneration,differentgradeswereputinseparateclassrooms.C.Intheearliestschoolclassrooms,students'deskswerefixedtothefloor.D.Beforethemid-1950s,schoolbuildingswerebuiltinaconservativeway.Test21.Theuniversitydecidedtoincreasetheofthelecturehall,whichhasonly200seats.A.abilityB.capacityC.facilityD.faculty2.Smartphones-withcamerasandcolorscreens一canimagesanddatausingwirelessnetworktechnology.A.evolveB.departC.transmit

6A.assure1.Don'ttakesomeoneyougettoknowfromtheInternettoyourhousenomatterhowhesounds.A.boldB.genuineC.flexibleD.available2.Thiskindofexercisewillyourcreativity,renewyourenergy,andunlockyourpotential.A.bindB.yieldC.embraceD.stimulate3.Weteachersdonotconsideritwisetoourstudentswithallsortsofexams,testsandquizzes.A.loadB.annoyC.sampleD.explore4.I'llbehappytohelpyou,youwon'ttakeuptoomuchofmytime.A.aswellasB.aslongasC.asfarasD.assoonas5.Hemakeshisstudentsknowledgethroughvariouskindsofinterestingactivities.A.studyB.learnC.achieveD.acquire6.Foryears,scientistshavedebatedthedangersofbuildinganothernuclearplantaftertheterribleaccident.A.availableB.potentialC.fascinatingD.genuine

71.Itwasaworthwhileattemptitfailedtoachieveitspurposethatwehadhopedfor.A.intheendB.nowthatC.allatonceD.eventhough2.Travelinspacecanbeveryexciting;,itcanalsobeboringandlonelyattimes.A.soB.howeverC.thusD.therefore3.Politiciansshouldnotinbusinessaffairsthatmightaffecttheirpoliticaljudgment.A.engageB.embraceC.departD.treasure4.Iwishtoamaster'sdegreeinelectricengineeringafterIgraduatefromcollege.A.pledgeB.exploreC.pursueD.approach5.Thereisnogreaterimportancecultivatingindependenceinchildren.A.inB.thanC.ofD.with6.Don'tworrytoomuch,Jane.Yoursonhomealready.Let'sgobackandcheckitout.A.returnedB.w川returnC.hasreturnedD.mayhavereturned

8Questions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Whatarebaseballfans?BaseballfansweartheirofficialteamT-shirtsandjacketseverywhere,sometimeseventowork.Then,whenevertheteamoffersafreeitem,thefansrushtogetit.Inaddition,baseballfanscoverthewallsoftheirroomswiththeirfavoriteplayers*pictures.Whentheygotoagame,whichtheydoasoftenaspossible,thetruebaseballfansputontheirteamcolors,grabtheirteamflags,pinontheirteambuttons.Atthegame,thesefansformasection,constantlyencouragingtheirfavoriteplayersandenthusiasticallyrespondingtoeverycheerflashedontheelectronicscoreboard.Baseballfans,inadditiontobehavingcrazily,arealsoextremelyinterestedinthingsofsmallimportance.Everyday,theyturntothesportspageofthenewspaperandstudylastnight'sstatistics.Theirbookshelvesarefullofbooksandnewspaperswithinformationoftheirteam.Theydelightinrememberingsuchunimportantfactsaswhoisleft-handedandwhatfoodtheirfavoriteplayerlikes.Lastofall,baseballfansareextremelyloyaltotheteamoftheirchoice.Thisstrongloyaltymakesfansdangerous,foranyonewhodarestosaytoaloyalfanthatsomeotherteamisbettercouldberiskingphysicaldamage.Incidentsofviolenceonthebaseballfieldhaveincreasedinrecentyearsandareamatterofgrowingconcern.Frommid-OctoberthroughMarch,baseballfansarelikeanyotherhumanbeings.Theypaytheirtaxes,takeoutthegarbage,andcomplainaboutthehighcostoflivingorthelatesthomerepair.ButwhenAprilcomes,thecolorsandradiosgoon,therecordbookscomeofftheshelves,andthedevotionreturns.Forthetruebaseballfan,anotherseasonofcrazinesshasbegun.1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbehaviorsdobaseballfanshave?A.Coveringtheirwallswiththeirteam'sflags.B.Goingtotheirteam'sgamesasearlyastheycan.C.Wearingtheirteam'sofficialT-shirtsandjackets.D.Knowingthefavoritecolorsoftheirteamplayers.2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Baseballfansreactpassionatelywhentheirteamgetsascore.B.Baseballfansofateamtrytosittogetherinoneareaatagame.C.Baseballfanscanrememberalltheimportantfactsoftheirfavoriteplayers.D.Baseballfanswillgoimmediatelytogetafreeitemthattheteamgivesout.3.Whatdoestheword"loyal"inParagraph3probablymean?A.crazyB.devotedC.friendlyD.reasonable4.Whatisthewriter'sattitudetoward"baseballfansareextremelyloyaltotheteamoftheirchoice'*?A.Worried.B.Delighted.C.Enthusiastic.D.Disappointed.

95.Accordingtothepassage,whenisthebaseballseasonintheyear?A.FromMarchtoApril.B.FromMarchtoOctober.C.Frommid-OctobertoMarch.D.FromApriltomid-October.Questions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Angerisanormalemotionthatweallfeelfromtimetotime.Somepeopleexpressangeropenlyinacalmreasonableway.Someexplodewithanger,andscreamandshout.Butotherpeoplekeeptheirangerinside.Theycannotorwillnotexpressit.Thisiscalledrepressinganger.Manydoctorsthinkthatrepressingangerismoredangeroustoaperson'shealththanexpressingit.Theysaythatwhenapersonisangry,thebraingivesoutthesamehormones（荷爾蒙）asthatareproducedduringtenseandnervoussituations.Theyspeedtheheartrateandraisebloodpressure,sothepersonfeelsexcitedandreadytoact.Repressingthesefeelingswillonlymakethefeelingscontinue,andthiscanleadtomanymedicalproblems.Topreventtheseproblems,thesedoctorssuggestlettingtheangeroutbyexpressingitfreely.Butrecentlysomeotherdoctorsquestionthis.Theysaythatpeoplewhoexpressangerrepeatedlyandviolentlybecome,infact,morebutnotlessangry.Andthiscouldcausemedicalproblems.However,somedoctorssaythatbothrepressingandexpressingangercanbedangerous.Theybelievethatthosewhoexpressangerstronglymaybemorelikelytodevelopheartdiseases,andthatthosewhokeeptheirangerinsidemayfaceagreaterdangerofhighbloodpressure.Doctorssaythesolutionistolearnhowtodealwithanger.Thefirststepistoadmitthatyouareangryandtorecognizetherealcauseoftheanger,andthentodecideifthecauseisseriousenoughtogetangryabout.Ifitis,donotexpressyourangerwhileangry.Waituntilyourangerhascooleddown,andexpressyourselfcalmlyandreasonably.Doctorsalsosaythatagoodwaytodealwithangeristofindhumorinthesituationthathasmadeyouangry,forlaughterismuchhealthierthananger.6.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.Angershouldbedealtwithinaproperway.B.Differentpeopledealwithangerindifferentways.C.Doctorssuggestdealingwithangerbyrepressingit.D.Thebestwaytodealwithangeristolaughwhenangry.7.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingabouthormonesiscorrect?A.Hormoneswillcausepeopletogetanxious.B.Hormoneswillincreasewhenonegetsangry.C.Thebrainproduceshormoneswhenone*sbloodpressurerises.D.Thebrainproduceshormoneswhenonehasmedicalproblems.8.Somedoctorsarguethatpeoplewhooftenlettheangeroutwouldbecome.A.strongerB.moreviolent

10A.angrierB.moredangerous8.Onecorrectwaytodealwithangeristo.A.saynothingnomatterhowangryyouareB.expressangeropenlyandfreelyrightawayC.expressyourangerimmediatelybutcalmlyD.thinkaboutwhetherit'sworthgettingangry9.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Expressingangerbyscreamingcanbeasdangerousasrepressinganger.B.Repressingangerismoredangeroustoaperson'shealththanexpressingit.C.Peoplemayhaveheartdiseasesiftheydon*texpresstheirangerrightaway.D.Peopleshouldexpressangerbeforelookingintotherealcauseoftheiranger.Questions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Mannersevolveddifferentlyindifferentcultures.Inearliertimestherewasatendencyformannerstobecomeincreasinglyformal,andthiswasoftenviewedasprogress.Inthe18thand19thcenturieshavinggoodmannerswasseenasanimportantpartofone'seducationandsocialclass,anditwasnecessarytobetakenasaladyoragentlemantogetaheadintheworld.Inthe20thand21stcenturies,mannershavegraduallybecomemorerelaxedandinformal.Thehostingofdinnersandothersocialgatheringsarenolongertheexclusiveprivilegeofthewealthyelite（精英），andprivateclubsarebeinggraduallyreplacedbymoreopenmeetingplaces.Sothemannersofthesalon（沙龍）aregraduallycombiningwiththemannersofthepub.Clothingisagoodindicationofthechangesinmanners,ascanbeseeninthefollowingexamples.Itissurprisingthatthewearingofhatsindoorsbymalesisonceagainbecomingacceptable.StudentsinNorthAmericaoftenwearbaseballcapstoclass.Inmanycountriesthewearingofhatsindoorsbymaleswasonceacceptableeveninverypolitesociety,butovertheyearsthisbecameconsideredasalower-classbehaviorandwasthusdiscouragedinboththemiddleandupperclasses.Theyoungpeoplewhowearhatsindoorsdonotrealizetheyareactuallyrestartingaveryoldculturaltradition.Acomparabledevelopmentforfemalesisthewearingofjeans.Manyfemalesnowwearjeansonadailybasis,eitherathomeoratwork.Someseethisasasymbolicdeclarationthattheyarenowmodernwomen,notgirlsorladies.Somegirls,likeboys,wearbaseballcapsbothindoorsandoutdoors.Sneakersandshortsarenowacceptableforeithermalesorfemalesinavarietyofnon-athleticsituations.SomecompanieshaverulesrequiringinformaldresssuchasjeansorsneakersonFridays(called"dress-downFriday"or"casualFriday*'),andotherspermititalmostallthetime.Inthesecompanies,andmanyothers,itisacceptabletocallthebossesbytheirfirstnames.10.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Changesofmannersovertime.B.Formalmannersintheearliertimes.C.Differentmannersindifferentcultures.D.Developmentofmannersindifferentclasses.

118.Inthe20thand21stcenturies,.A.mannersarenotasformalasinthepastB.mannersinapubaregettingmoreandmoreformalC.properclothingisagoodindicationofgoodmannersD.richpeoplenolongerbehaveformallyinsocialgatherings9.Accordingtothepassage,"themannersofthesalon**inparagraph2mostlikelyreferstoA.Formalmannersofdrinking.B.Informalmannersofdrinking.C.Formalmannersatsocialgatherings.D.Informalmannersatsocialgatherings.10.Accordingtothepassage,nowadayswearingahatindoorscanactuallybeviewedas.A.arevolutionB.socialprogressC.aworseningsituationD.areturntotheoldtradition11.Accordingtotheauthor,todaywearinghatsindoors,andwearingjeansatworkmainlyindicatethatA.womenarenolongerinferiortomenB.peoplenolongerpayattentiontodressingdetailsC.peoplearegettingmorerelaxedintermsofmannersD.somecompanieshavelowerrequirementsfortheiremployeesTest31.Intermsofacademicachievement,Iwasneverafailure,andwilldefinitelyinthefuture.A.makeoffB.makesenseC.makeitD.makeup2.IsaacAsimovwasanAmericanauthorandprofessorofbiochemistry,bestknownforhisworksofscienceandforhispopularsciencebooks.A.figureB.foundationC.capacityD.fiction3.Janewantedtobreakupwithherboyfriend,butsheherselfatthelastminuteand

12decidedtogiveitanothertry.A.regrettedB.overwhelmedC.strainedD.reversed1.Afterbeingsetfreefromprison,themanwishedtoandleadarespectablelife.A.straightenupB.openupC.keepbackD.tossaside2.Althoughhissonhaddonesomethingagainsthiswill,thekingwelcomedhissonopenarmsandtrust.A.inB.byC.withD.of3.Itforonetocompleteseveralrevisionssincefewpeoplewritethefirstdraftperfectly.A.makessenseB.slowsdownC.opensupD.signsup4.Hehurriedbehindtheotherteammemberstogettheirownbus.A.throughB.inC.upD.aboard5.Theimpactofcultureshockcanfrompersontoperson.Therecanbesignificantdifferencesbecausesomepeoplemaybebetterpreparedtoenteranewculture.A.strainB.varyC.transmitD.benefit

131.Exerciseshouldincludenonstopactivityperformedfor30ormoreminutesinordertokeeptheheartrateup.Inotherwords,itshouldbedoneina(n)way.A.immenseB.irregularC.continuousD.routine2.Allthemenjumpedtheirfeetasthecaptainappearedatthecabindoor.A.onB.toC.atD.with3.Whenyoucatchyourselfforsomething,tellyourself,"Stop."A.regretB.toregretC.regrettingD.regretted4.Ifyoudonotparties,youdon'thavetogowithme.Youcanstayathome.A.careforB.struggleagainstC.putupwithD.makethemostof5.Inonlyonehour,theywerealreadydrink,whichactuallydidn'tbothermebecauseIwasn'tdrinking.A.aheadofB.outofC.inadvanceofD.freeof6.ItisquiteacceptableforaforeignguesttotakeainsteadofemptyingtheglasswhentoastingwithhisChinesehost.A.biteB.sipC.spoonful

14A.tube1.Thelocalgovernmentneverwantedthenewshoppingcentertobebuilt,and.A.northelocalresidentsdidB.thelocalresidentsdidn'tC.nordidthelocalresidentsD.thelocalresidentsneverdidQuestions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Manystudentschoosetostudyabroadinordertogaininternationalexperience.Whatmanyofthemdon'trealize,however,isthatlivinginanothercountryforalongperiodoftimemaycausemoderatetoseverefeelingsofanxiety.Cultureshockisthetermgiventothefeelingsofloss,surprise,andconfusion（困惑）thatmanypeoplefeelwhentheyliveabroad.Scientistshavenotedthateveryoneexperiencescultureshockindifferentwaysandfordifferentamountsoftime.However,therearefourgeneralstagesofcultureshockthatcanoccurinanyorder,includingexcitement,rejection,regression,andrecovery.Thefirststageofcultureshockistypicalexcitementbecausethetravelersareinterestedinallofthedifferencesfoundinthenewcountry.Theymaybeamazedatthebeautifulnewscenery,enjoythedeliciousnewfood,andsimplyenjoyexperiencingthenewsightsandsounds.Whiletheexcitementstageisfunandexciting,italsoendsfairlyquicklyasthetravelersmeetdifficultyadjusting（適應(yīng)）tolifeinthenewcountry.Becauselifeissodifferentinthenewcountry,theforeignersexperiencemanyunexpecteddifficultiesastheyenterthesecondstageofcultureshock,therejectionstage.Thisisthetimewhentheforeignersbegintofeelupsetbecauseofthedifferences,andtheymaystarttocomplainaboutthehostcountry.Intheregressionstage,theforeignerslovinglyremembertheirhomecountry.Theyforgetaboutallofthetroublesandproblemstheyhadintheirhomecountryandwishtheycouldreturn.Atthisstage,theforeignerswilltrytoregress,orgoback,totheirhomecountryinsomeways.Oncetheregressionstagepasses,theymoveintothefourthstage,therecoverystage.Inthisstage,theybecomeusedtothenewculture.Thedifferencesarenotnewortroublesomeanymore,andtheybegintoacceptthecustomsofthenewcountryandfeelmorecomfortable.1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Variousperiodsofcultureshock.B.Fourwaystoovercomecultureshock.C.Difficultiesinfacingthecultureshock.D.Differencesinpeople'sreactiontocultureshock.2.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingmayNOTbesoexcitingforaforeignerwhojustarrivedinanewcountry?A.Tastingnewfood.B.Seeingnewthings.C.Learningnewcustoms.D.Enjoyingbeautifulviews.

15Atwhatstagemaytheforeignersbegintofeelannoyedandupset?A.Rejection.B.Recovery.C.Regression.D.Excitement.4.Whatdoestheword"regressionM（Para.1,Line7）mostprobablymeaninthispassage?A.Forgettingthingsthathappenedinthepast.B.Returningtothepreviouscultureshockstage.C.Leavingthenewcountryforone'shomecountry.D.Rememberingthegoodtimesinone'shomecountry.5.Howdotheforeignersfeelatthestageofrecovery?A.Theyfinallyrealizethenewcultureisbetter.B.Theynolongerfeelupsetatthenewculture.C.Theyarehappythatalltheirtroublesintheirhomecountryaregone.D.Theyaremorecomfortableinthenewcountrythanintheirhomecountry.Questions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Ifyouhaveagoodneighbor,youarealuckyperson.Youhavesomeonewhocaresaboutyourneedsandyourproperty（房產(chǎn)），whoishelpfulinthelittleday-to-daysituationsthatcomeup,andwhoissupportiveindifficulttimes.Agoodneighborissomeonewho,forinstance,understandsthatyourchildrenmaysometimesrunacrosshislawn（草坪），eventhoughyoutellthemnotto.He'llrealizethatchildrencanbecarelessaboutthingslikethat,andhewon*tmakeabigfuss（大驚小怪）aboutitunlessitbecomesaregularthing.Inthesamevein,heknowsthatyou'llunderstandifsomeofthetrashfromhistrashcansblowsacrossintoyouryard.Agoodneighborisalsorespectfulofyourproperty.Forexample,heasksyourpermissionbeforedoinganythingthatgetsinyourway.Thismeanshewouldn'tplantahugetreebetweenyourhouseswithoutaskinghowyoufeelaboutit.Ifhewantstoputupafence,hewouldletyouknowfirst.Hemightworkwithyoutodecidewhereitshouldbeplaced.Agoodneighborwouldlendyousomemilkifyouranout.He'dgiveyouaridetoworkifyourcarwasbroken,andletyourchildrenstayathishouseintheeveningifyougotstuckworkingovertime.Youwoulddothesameforhim.Bothofyouwouldhelpmaketheother'slifeeasier.Whensomethingreallyawfulhappenstoyou,likeadeathinthefamily,agoodneighborwilloffertohelpinanywayhecan.Thiscouldmeansomethingsmall,likemakingsomefoodtoputinyourfridgetofeedvisitingrelatives.Oritcouldmeansomethingbig,likehelpingyougetthroughthesadnessofthefuneral.Ithinkonlysomeonewhohasexperiencedabadneighborcanreallyappreciateagoodone!Agoodneighborcanbeagoodfriend.Hecanmakeatotaldifferencetoyourlife.6.Whydoestheauthorthinkitluckyforonetohaveagoodneighbor?

16A.Becauseagoodneighborcantakegoodcareofyou.B.Becauseagoodneighborcanhardlybefoundthesedays.C.Becauseagoodneighborcanhelpcleanyourhome.D.Becauseagoodneighborcansupportyouinvarioussituations.4.Whatdoesthephrase”inthesamevein'*inParagraph2mostprobablymean?A.Similarly.B.However.C.Instead.D.Generally.5.Agoodneighbormaycomplainif.A.Yourchildrenfrequentlyrunacrosshislawn.B.Someofyourtrashblowsacrossintohisyard.C.Youaskhimtoletyourchildrenvisithishouse.D.Youwanttoputupafencebetweenthehouses.6.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingthingsmayagoodneighborhelptodo?A.Toprovidehelpinholdingafuneral.B.Totakeawayyourtrashwhenyouforget.C.Togiveyouaridetoworkifyourcardidnotwork.D.Totakeyourchildrentoschoolwhenyouareatwork.7.Accordingtothepassage,howimportantisagoodneighbortoyou?A.Agoodneighborcanhelpyouavoidawfulthings.B.Agoodneighborcanturnyouintoadifferentperson.C.Agoodneighborcanhelpyougetridofabadneighbor.D.Agoodneighborcanhaveanimportantinfluenceonyourlife.Questions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Allparentsneedtomotivate（激勵）theirkids.Whetherit*sgettingsmallerchildrentoeattheirdinnerorgettingasixth-gradertodohomework,gettingkidstoapplyenergytoasituationcanbeachallenge.Thetraditionalwayhasall-too-oftenbeentoshout,threaten,andscoldchildrenintoaction.Butwhilethatapproachhassomeobviousshortcomings,itturnsouttheoppositewaycanbeharmful,too,accordingtoexperts.Someparentssimplyrewardtheirchildrentoomuch,whichcanreinforce（強化）awholerangeofnegativepersonalities（性格）andleadtosomeproblematicbehaviors.Childrenaremasterobservers.Andifyoucontinuallyrewardchildrenfordoingthings,prettysoontheycandeveloptheopinionthattheyshouldonlydothingsifthere'sarewardorpaymentinvolved.Whenparentstoooftenrewardchildrenforvariousbehaviors,itremovesopportunitiesforchildrentojudgeforthemselves

17whafsimportantandnecessary-theyalwayshaveanexpertintheformoftheirparentstotellthemwhatshouldmattertothem.Thiscanhurttheirconfidenceintheirownobservations.Whenchildrenarerewardedtoomuch,theyarelikelytofocusonexternal（外在的）rewardsinsteadofinternalones-the"Whafsinitforme?"attitude.Andwhilethismayprovetobeapracticalwaytogetyourchildrentocleanupthemesstheymadeinthelivingroom,it'snotalwayssohandyasitgrowsintoadulthood.Atthatpoint,thisviewpointcanbecomeagreattrouble.Byofferingarewardanytimeataskneedstobedone,parentssendamessagetotheirkidsthatthetaskisunpleasant.Butthatmaynotnecessarilybethecase.Manytaskscanbefunforchildrenbecausekidshaveendlessdesirefornewexperiencesandlearning.Reward-givingoftenpreventsthisnaturaldesire,bytakingawaytheirattentionwithexternalreinforcement.4.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthetwowaysusedbyparentstogetkidsdothingswell?A.Thetraditionalwayisnotgoodatall.B.Thetraditionalwayworksbetteronsmallerchildren.C.Givingfrequentrewardsisbetterthanthetraditionalway.D.Givingfrequentrewardsmaymakechildrenformsomebadhabits.5.Accordingtothepassage,whatcanbetheresultofmotivatingkidswithrewards?A.Kidswilllearnitisrewardingtodothingswell.B.Kidswilllearntoalwaysturntoexpertsforadvice.C.Kidswilllosetheirfocusonmoreimportantmatters.D.Kidswilllosetheirabilitytomaketheirownjudgment.6.Whatdoes"Whafsinitforme?"inParagraph4mostprobablymean?A.WhatgoodthingscanIdoforothers?B.Whatexpectationsdoyouhaveforme?C.WhatrewardcanIgetfromdoingthistask?D.WhatthingscanIlearnfromdoingthistask?7.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmessagecanbesentifparentsofferrewardstotheirchildrenforeverytasktobedone?A.Thetaskmustbeunpleasant.B.Thetaskmustbechallenging.C.Thetaskcangivemenewexperiences.D.Thetaskcanhelpmetolearnsomething.8.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.WhatCanKidsLearnfromTheirParents?B.CanItBadtoRewardChildrenforBeingGood?C.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofRewardingChildren.

18A.TraditionalWaysandNewWaysofMotivatingChildren.Test41.Theyoungmannotonlyhelpedmefindtherightbustotake,butalsometomydestination(目的地)andwatchedmegetintotherightbuilding.A.hauledB.assuredC.pointedD.accompanied2.Thespeakerexperienceda(n)momentwhensomeoneinterruptedhimandchallengedhimbecausehedidnotknowhowtoanswerthequestions.A.ridiculousB.suspiciousC.awkwardD.incredible3.Firingaworkercanbeaverysituationanditneedstobehandledcarefully.A.delicateB.clumsyC.enormousD.comprehensive4.Becauseofhistoshareinformation,someimportantinformationfailedtobepassedtotherightpeopleintime,andthishasledtoseveraldisasters.A.innocenceB.reluctanceC.curiosityD.efficiency5.Iwentintomyboss'officeareallygooddiscussion,butIwassimplytoldthatIwasgettingathree-percentraiseandthathecoulddonobetterthanthat.A.matchingB.pledgingC.participatingD.anticipating6.Besidesdamagingpeople'sabilitytodotheirbestinsports,lackofsleephasalsobeenlinkedtotroubles,suchasfeelingsofsadness.A.physicalB.emotionalC.clinical

19A.intellectual1.Settingupseparatebicycletracksisaneffectivewaytobicycleaccidentsandimprovethesafetyforriderswhosharetheroadwithmotorvehicles.A.curbB.clipC.surgeD.solve2.Inthelasttwodecadesworldproductionofelectricityhasroughlydoubled,withthedevelopingnationsthedeveloped.A.surgingB.overtakingC.haulingD.reversing3.Languageandculturearecloselyrelatedwitheachother,andtheunderstandingofonerequirestheunderstandingof.A.otherB.anotherC.theotherD.someother4.Thebosswasinatemper.Doyouknowmadehimsoangry?A.whatwasitB.whatitwasthatC.whatitwasD.whatwasitthat5.ThepumpkinwasknowninNorthAmericaandSouthAmerica5,000yearsagobutitinNorthAmericaforover8,000yearsaccordingtosomeresearchers.A.mayhavebeengrownB.willhavebeengrownC.wouldhavebeengrownD.shouldhavebeengrown6.Thistrainwasbuiltin1923andwhenitendeditsworkinglifein1960,itnearlytwomillionmiles.A.traveledB.hastraveled

20A.hadtraveledB.hadbeentravelling1.nrmsosorry,"hesaid,withsome,"IsupposeIshouldhavecomeearlier.**A.charityB.anticipationC.confidenceD.embarrassment2.Itisnotthatcolorfulsunshine,loudmusicandexcitinggamescouldattracthundredsofvisitorstocharityfunfairs,butwarm-heartedpeoplewerewillingtohelpthevictimsinpoverty-strickenareas.A.becauseB.asC.sinceD.that3.Joeisalwayswearingshoesbecausehisfeetareindifferentsizesandhehastogotoaspecialshoestore.A.worn-outB.softC.mismatchedD.polished4.Witnessessaidthatthecarfirewas,astheysawamiddle-agedmanpourpetroloverthecarandsetitonfire.A.deliberateB.naturalC.arbitraryD.visible5.He*shadaofbusinessfailures,butpeoplecontinuetotrusthimbecausetheyknowhewilleventuallysucceed.A.situationB.routineC.frameworkD.sequnce6.Afewthousandyearsago,peoplelivedabout30years.Nowmanypeopleliveover75years.Obviously,wehavealreadyourlivestoanamazingdegree.A.attained

21A.extendedB.stretchedC.enriched1.Thereisconsiderablewithrespecttoattitudestowardtechnology,mostlyfromonegenerationtoanother.A.variationB.privilegeC.conventionD.deficiency2.Justbecausesomeoneisgoodorbadatonething,itdoesnotthatthepersonwillalsobegoodorbadatotherthings.A.engageB.involveC.guaranteeD.concede3.Whentherescueteamarrivedatthevillage,theyonlyfoundhousesleftaftertheearthquake.A.todestroyB.tobedestroyedC.destroyingD.destroyedQuestions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Thereisnowagrowingbeliefthatfathers,doplayanimportantroleinraisingchildrenanddoleaveadeepmarkontheirdaughters,notjusttheirsons.Itisnowbelievedthatregardlessoftheirage,daughterswhohavemeaningful,comfortablerelationshipswiththeirfathersaregenerallymoreself-confidentandindependent,havebetterrelationshipswithmen,arelessdepressed（沮喪），havefewereatingdisordersanddrugoralcoholproblemsandachievemoreinschoolandatwork.Andtheeasieritisforadaughtertocommunicatewithherfather,themoresheenjoysbeingwithhimandgetsmoreoutoftherelationship.Ontheotherhand,girlswhogrowupwithabsentoremotionally-distantfathersseekacceptancefromothers,sometimesmucholdermales.InhisbookFathers&Daughters,WilliamS.Appletonwritesabouthisthoughtsfrom20years'experienceasapsychiatrist（精神科醫(yī)生）treatingtroubledwomenwhohaveidentifiedtheirfathersasacontributingfactortotheiradultunhappinessaswellassuccess.Hefoundoutthattheirfathers*influencedeeplycolorstheircareersandprivatelives.HThefather'sroleinadaughter'slifeisinvaluableinshapingherfuturemale-femalerelationships,'*saysDr.Appleton."Whethertheyareawareofitornot,femalestendto《頃向于）patternsuchrelationshipsafterthemodelsetbytheirfathers.Dadisthetypicalexampleinagirl'slifeofhowsheshouldbetreatedbymales."Dr.MegMeeker,apediatrician（兒科醫(yī)生）withmorethan20years'experienceadvisinggirlsandauthorofthebookStrongFathers,StrongDaughters:10SecretsEveryFatherShouldKnow,revealsthatayoungwoman'srelationshipwithher

22fatherisfarmoreimportantthanwe*veeverrealized.Inherbook,sheexplainstheimportantrolefathersplayinthelivesoftheirdaughtersandhowtheycanbestusethatroletodevelopstrongmoralvaluesandhealthyself-imagesintheirdaughters.Tobecomeastrong,confidentwoman,adaughterneedsherfather'sattention,protection,courage,andwisdom.1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?A.Tipsonhowtobeagoodfather.B.Afather'sinfluenceonhisdaughter'slife.C.Howtobecomeastrongandconfidentwoman.D.Waystoimprovefather-daughterrelationship.2.Whathappenstodaughterswhohavecomfortablerelationshipswiththeirfathers?A.Theyaremoredependentontheirfathers.B.Theylovetheirfathersmoreastheygetolder.C.Theyhavenodifficultydealingwithothermen.D.Theymakegreaterachievementsintheirstudyandwork.3.Whatcanwelearnaboutdaughtershavingdistantrelationshipswiththeirfathers?A.Theymaybecomemoreindependent.B.Theymayhavenoeatingproblems.C.Theymayoftenleaveschoolwithoutgraduation.D.Theymayoftenturntooldermenforappreciation.4.Whatdoesthesentence"femalestendtopatternsuchrelationshipsafterthemodelsetbytheirfathers'*inParagraph2mean?A.Femalesmaylearnfromtheirfathershowtheyshouldtreatmales.B.Femalesmaytryhardtoimprovetherelationshipwiththeirfathers.C.Femalesmaylearnfromtheirfathershowtheyshouldbetreatedbymen.D.Femalesmaytrytofindoutthepatternoftherelationshipwiththeirfathers.5.TheauthormentionstheprofessionsofDr.AppletonandDr.Meekermainlybecausehewantsto.A.helpreadersknowmoreaboutthemB.showthatdoctorscanwritegreatbooks,tooC.makehisargumentssoundmoreconvincingD.showreaderstheyhavedifferentprofessionsQuestions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Likedeathandtaxes,thereisnoescapingcolor.Thatis,itseemstobeeverywhere.Yetwhatdoesitallmean?Whyarepeoplemorerelaxedingreenrooms?Whydoweightliftersdotheirbestinbluegyms?Colorsoftenhavedifferentmeaningsinvariouscultures.AndeveninWesternsocieties,themeaningsofvariouscolorshavechangedovertheyears.Buttodayresearchershavegenerallyfoundthefollowingtobeaccurate.

23Blackisthecolorofpower.Itispopularinfashionbecauseitmakespeopleappearthinner.Itisalsostylishandtimeless.Blackalsoimpliessubmission（順從）.Priests（牧師）wearblacktoshowsubmissiontoGod.Butblackclothescanalsobeoverpowering.Brideswearwhiteasasymbolofpurity.Whitereflectslightandisconsideredasummercolor.Whiteispopularinfashionbecauseitislightandgoeswitheverything.Doctorsandnurseswearwhitetoimplythattheyareclean.Asthemostemotionallystrongcolor,redstimulatesafasterheartbeatandbreathing.Itisalsothecoloroflove.Redclothinggetsnoticedandmakesthewearerappearheavier.Redcarsarepopulartargetsforthieves.Thecoloroftheskyandtheocean,bluecausestheoppositereaction（反應(yīng)）asred.Peacefulbluecausesthebodytoproducecalmingchemicals,soitisoftenusedinbedrooms.Fashionadvisorsrecommendwearingbluetojobinterviewsbecauseitstandsforloyalty（忠誠）.Peoplearemoreproductiveinbluerooms.Studiesshowweightliftersareabletohandleheavierweightsinbluegyms.Currentlythemostpopulardecoratingcolor,greensymbolizesnature.Itistheeasiestcolorontheeyeandcanimprovevision（視力）.Itisacalmingcolor.PeoplewaitingtoappearonTVsitin"greenrooms1'torelax.Hospitalsoftenusegreenbecauseitrelaxespatients.Sunnyyellowisanattentiongetter.Whileitisconsideredacheerfulcolor,peoplelosetheirtempersmoreofteninyellowrooms,andbabieswillcrymore.Itisthemostdifficultcolorfortheeyetotakein,soitcanbeoverpoweringifoverused.1.Whatdoestheauthormostprobablymeanby"thereisnoescapingcolor"(Para.1)?A.Colorisactuallyeverywhere.B.Colorissometimesfrightening.C.Peoplefinditdifficultnottousecolors.D.Peoplehavediscoveredallkindsofcolors.2.Whatdowelearnaboutclothesofaspecificcolor?A.Redclothescanattractgreaterattention.B.Blackclothescanmakepeoplelookheavier.C.Doctorswearwhiteclothestocalmdownpatients.D.Jobintervieweeswearblueclothestorelaxthemselves.3.Accordingtotheauthor,whydosportsmeninblueroomscanbemoresuccessful?A.Becausebluecanmakesportsmencalmdown.B.Becausebluecanhelptoattractmoreattention.C.Becausebluecanmakeapersonmoreproductive.D.Becausebluecangivejudgesagoodimpression.4.Theauthorimpliesthattheinformationaboutthemeaningsofcolorsprovidedinthepassageis

24A.mostlytrueB.notprovedyetC.justforreferenceD.goingtochangeanytime1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?A.Colorsaremeaningfulindifferentcultures.B.Colorshavechangeditsmeaningsovertime.C.Differentcolorsmayaffectone'smoodindifferentways.D.Differentcolorsmayhavedifferentmeaningstodifferentpeople.Questions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Scientistsandothersinthepsychological,sociologicalfieldshaveassertedthathumansusemaybe0.01to0.10percentofourbrain.Hereisaneasierwayofunderstandingwhatthatmeans.Firstletusmakeitclearthatmechanicallyyouuse100percentofyourbrain.Enhancingusagetoitsmaximumisanothersubject.Sowhensomeoneputsapercentageofuseonthebraintheydonotmeanthattheother,say90percent,isnotactiveoruseless.Thinkofitthisway.Let'ssayyourbrainisastereo（立體聲音響）.Whenyouareusingyourstereoyouareusing100percentofit.Ifthevolumeknob（旋鈕）issetata2level,thenyouarenotgettingthesameusagewhencomparedtoturningthevolumeknobto8or10.Sowhatscientistsaretryingtogetacrosstousiswehavealotmoreroominourcranium（頭蓋骨）tofill.Wehavemorevolumetoboost.Wearenotevenclosetotappingourpotentialofbrainpower.Thereisnophysicaldatatodetermineinclearevidencetheamountofusagethehumanbrainhas.However,therehasbeendatathathasshownthatpeoplehaveincreasedtheirbrainpower.Thentherearethepeoplewhoshowmentalabilitiesthatareveryrare.Somepeoplewithautism（自閉癥），forexample,havehadtheabilitytocalculateveryhighlevelsofmathequations（方程式）withouteverhavinglearnedhow.Therearealsomoreandmorevariableswearelearningaboutthebrain.Studiessuggestthateventhoughourbrainisoneasawhole,weevidentlygetproductionoutofseparatepartsofthebrainfordifferentmentaltasks.Wehaveallheardoftherightbrain/leftbrainreferencesforexample.Soregardlessofhowyouwanttointerpretthebrainusagebypercentage,thefactisthatitisthemostamazinggiftwehave.Acomputerisnothingcomparedtothehumanbrain.Andwecanbuilduponourabilitytogetmoreoutofit.Soturnupthevolumebuttonandgetthebrainworking.2.Whatistheproblemmainlytalkedaboutinthispassage?A.Morethan90percentofourbrainisnotactive.B.Morethan90percentofourbrainisnotsuitableforuse.C.Morethan90percentofourbrainisnotusedtothemaximum.

25A.Morethan90percentofourbrainuseisnotknowntoscientists.1.InParagraph3,theauthor'smainpurposeisto.A.giveusinstructionsabouthowtobetteruseastereoB.showthedifferencebetweenvolumelevelsinastereoC.makeusunderstandwhywearenotfullyusingourbrainsD.determinehowloudmusicaffectsthefunctionsofourbrains2.Whatdothescientistsmeanby"wehavealotmoreroominourcraniumtofill"inParagraph4?A.Thereisstillsomespaceforthebraintogrow.B.Thereisstillsomepotentialinhumanbrainstoexplore.C.Westillhavealongwaytogointhestudyofhumanbrains.D.Westillhavedifferentopinionsabouttheproperuseofourbrain.3.Whatdoestheauthortrytoshowwiththeexampleofpeoplewithautism?A.Thebrainhasanunlimitedamountofusage.B.Somepeoplemayhavespecialmentalabilities.C.Thebrainhasdifferentpartstoperformdifferenttasks.D.Somepeoplemayincreasetheirbrainpowerthroughlearning.4.Whatdoestheauthorencouragethereadertodointhelastparagraph?A.Listentomoremusic.B.Learnmoreaboutourbrains.C.Improveourcomputerskills.D.Makemoreuseofourbrains.Test51.Heworkshardeverydaytomakemoremoney,buthehishealth,timewithhisfamily,andthehobbiesheonceloved.A.neglectsB.remindsC.ceasesD.declines2.ThenameofHitler（希特勒）hasalwaysbeenassociatedwithwarandkillinginthemindsofthosepeoplewholivedthroughWorldWarTwo.A.imaginaryB.multipleC.indispensableD.massive

261.Asacollegestudent,youshouldenjoylearningandgetyourselfinthosethingsthatinterestyou.A.concernedB.devotedC.involvedD.pursued2.Thereiseverypossibilitythatmanyspecies（物種）ofanimalswilldieoutbecauseoftheirdisappearingfood.A.modeB.sourceC.patternD.foundation3.Generallyspeaking,anIrishpersonwillnotacceptanofferstraightaway;hewillonceortwicefirstbeforeacceptingit.A.receiveB.declineC.summarizeD.polish4.ThislecturetaughtmehowtomanagemytimebettertoincludemyonlinestudiesinmybusyA.scheduleB.outlineC.structureD.responsibility5.Weregretforsellingyouthefaultyproduct,andourcompanyhasagreedtoyouby$500.A.matchB.reverseC.rewardD.compensate6.Suchchemicalsareindeednegativelythosehumanstowhomtheyareexposed.A.riskingB.detectingC.impactingD.overwhelming7.Sometimes,evenwhenthemindfunctioning,thebodykeepsonworkingnormally.A.ceasesB.arousesC.regulatesD.specializes8.Ifapersonsimplydoesnotcareaboutthisactivity,it*simpossibletogethimto

27participate.A.barelyB.seldomC.hardlyD.practically1.Inawaythehumanraceneedstoimproveitsmentalandphysicalqualitiesifitistodealwiththemoreandmoreworldandmeetnewchallenges.A.typicalB.complexC.rationalD.orderly2.IthinkIhaveahealthylifestyle.Ieatalotoffruitandvegetables,andI'madrinker.A.moderateB.heavyC.gradualD.delicate3.Theadoptionofthismeasurewillgreatlyreducetheofgreenhousegasemissions（排放物），whichmayhelpslowglobalwarming.A.loanB.declineC.releaseD.response4.Takeactiononthosethingsthatwillhavethebiggestimpactonyourlifewiththeleastamountofeffort.A.portableB.positiveC.sophisticatedD.moderate5.Insomeclassrooms,desksarearrangedinaU-shape,sotheteachercaneasilywiththestudents.A.interruptB.interactC.interpretD.interview6.Youngsterswhodrinkandsmoke,andareoftenabsentfromschoolarefarmorelikelytobefromschool.A.inducedB.disobeyedC.expelledD.forbidden7.Themanwassentencedto10yearsinprisonafterhewasaccusedofaseniorbank

28official.A.bribingB.frustratingC.chasingD.eliminatingQuestions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Whowonthe2008WorldCupsoccergame?WhathappenedattheUnitedNations?Howdidthecriticslikethenewplay?Justwhenaneventtakesplace,newspapersareonthestreetstogivethedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworld,reportersareonthespottogathernews.Newspapershaveonebasicpurpose-togetnewsasquicklyaspossiblefromtheirsource,fromthosewhomakeittothosewhowanttoknowit.Radio,television,andotherinventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspapers,sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.However,thiscompetitionmerelystimulatedthenewspaperstoquicklymakeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethespeedoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersareprintedandreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreadersinformedofthelatestnews,today'snewspaperseducateandinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders*economicchoicesthroughadvertising.Mostdependonadvertisingfortheirveryexistence.Newspapersaresoldatapricethatfailstocoverevenasmallpartoftheproductioncost.Themainsourceofincomeformostnewspapersisadvertising.Thesuccessinsellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper'svaluetoadvertisers.Thisismeasuredintermsofcirculation（發(fā)彳亍量）：Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper?Circulationdepends,tosomeextent,ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainmentofferedinanewspaper'spages.Butforthemostpart,circulationdependsonanewspaper'svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformationaboutthecommunity,city,country,state,nation,andworld-andevenouterspace.1.Accordingtothepassage,thebasicpurposeofnewspapersisto.A.coverthecostofproductionB.informreadersofthelatestnewsC.influencereaders'economicchoicesD.educatereadersaboutimportantmatters2.Whatdoestheauthortrytotellusinthefirstparagraph?A.Importanteventstakeplaceeveryday.B.Newspapersshouldgivedetailstothepublic.C.Newspaperstelluswhathappensintheworld.D.Reportersshouldgotothespottocollectnews.3.Whichofthefollowingisaconsequenceofcompetitionfornewspapers?A.Newspapersserveotherpurposesthanreportingnews.B.Newspapersarereadbylesspeoplethaneverbefore.

29A.Newspapershavetohaveentertainmentpages.B.Newspapershavetosellataverylowprice.1.Themostimportantfactorinsellingnewspaperssuccessfullyisto.A.improvetheworkofthecirculationdepartmentB.provideattractiveandspecialservicestoreadersC.offermoreinterestingandentertaininginformationD.providevaluableinformationtoattractmorereaders2.Whatcanwelearnaboutadvertisinginnewspapers?A.Advertisingaddsalotofvaluetonewspapers.B.Newspaperswouldnotexistwithoutadvertising.C.Newspapersdependonadvertisingtokeepgoing.D.Advertisingmakesnewspaperssellatagoodprice.Questions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Fromgoodreadingwecanacquirepleasure,companionship,experience,andinstruction.Agoodbookmayabsorbourattentionsocompletelythatforthetimebeingweforgetoursurroundingsandevenouridentity.Readinggoodbooksisoneofthegreatestpleasuresinlife.Itincreasesourcontentmentwhenwearecheerful,andeaseourtroubleswhenwearesad.Whatevermaybeourmainpurposeinreading,ourcontactwithgoodbooksshouldneverfailtogiveusenjoymentandsatisfaction.Withagoodbookinourhandswewouldneverbelonely.Whetherthecharactersdescribedaretakenfromreallifeorarepurelyimaginary,theymaybecomeourcompanionsandfriends.Thepeoplewemeetinbooksmaydelightuseitherbecausetheyarelikehumanfriendswhoweholddearorbecausetheypresentunfamiliartypeswhomwearegladtowelcomeasnewfriends.Ourhumanfriendssometimesmayboreus,butthefriendswemakeinbooksneednevermakeustirewiththeircompany.Byturningthepagewecandismissthemwithoutanyfearofhurtingtheirfeelings.Whenhumanfriendsdesertus,goodbooksarealwaysreadytogiveusfriendship,sympathy,andencouragement.Oneofthemostvaluablegiftsgivenbybooksisexperience.Fewofuscantravelfarfromhomeorhaveawiderangeofexperiences,butallofuscanleadvariouskindsoflivesthroughthepagesofbooks.Whetherwewishtoescapefromtheseeminglydullrealitiesofeverydaylifeorwhetherwelongtovisitsomefar-offplaces,abookwillhelpuswhennothingelsecan.Throughbooksthewholeworldisoursfortheasking.Thepossibilitiesofourliteraryexperiencesarealmostunlimited.Thebeautiesofnature,theenjoymentofmusic,thetreasuresofart,thetriumphsofarchitecture（建筑），thewondersofengineering,areallopentothosewhoreadbooks.3.Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A.Weshouldlearnhowtochoosegoodbookstoread.B.Weshouldforgeteverythingwhenreadinggoodbooks.C.Readinggoodbooksisveryimportantinone'seducation.D.Readinggoodbookscangiveusenjoymentandsatisfaction.4.Whenwereadgoodbooksweneverfeellonelybecause.

30A.thecharactersexciteourimaginationB.thecharactersaremorefriendlytousC.thecharactersbecomeourcompanionsD.thecharactersteachushowtomakefriends1.Peopleliketheirnewfriendsinbooksbecause.A.theyneverleaveusorgiveusupB.theyarethetypeoffriendwelikeC.theyneverfearhurtingourfeelingsD.theyareexactlylikereal-lifefriends2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Goodbookscanprovideuswithencouragement.B.Goodbookscanhelpusescapefromthedullreality.C.Goodbookscangiveuseverythingweneedforahappylife.D.Goodbookscanbringusliteraryknowledgeandexperiences.3.Thesentence"Throughbooksthewholeworldisoursfortheasking"inthelastparagraphimpliesthat.A.theworldinbooksbecomesourworldB.theworldinbooksiseasyforustoenterC.booksmakethereaderaskmanyquestionsD.bookscananswerquestionswehaveaskedQuestions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Playingviolentvideogamescanhaveimmediateandlastingeffectsonaperson'sthoughtsandbehavior,anewresearchshows.Infact,researchersreportthattheinteractiveandincreasinglydescriptivenatureofsomevideogamesmakesthem"potentiallymoredangerous"thanviolence-chargedtelevisionandmovies.PsychologistsAndersonandDillconductedtwostudies.Inonestudyof227collegestudents,theinvestigatorsfoundthatstudentswhomorefrequentlyplayedviolentvideogamesduringjuniorhighandhighschoolweremorelikelytohaveengagedinHaggressivebehavior'*.Asecondstudyinwhich210collegestudentsplayedeitheraviolentornon-violentvideogamerevealedthattheviolence-packedgameincreasedsubjects'aggressionimmediatelyafterward.Inthefirststudy,theinvestigatorsquestionedstudentsontheirnaturallevelsofaggressionandirritability（易怒性），andtheirdelinquent（犯法的）behavior-forinstance,whethertheyhadhitotherstudentsinthepastyear.Theinvestigatorsfoundthatstudentswithaggressivepersonalitiesandthosewhomoreoftenplayedviolentvideogamesweremorelikelytoshowreal-lifeaggression.Studentswhoconsideredthemselvesaggressivewerealsomorelikelytoplayviolentvideogames.Sinceaggressivepeoplemayseekoutviolentgames,comingtotheconclusionthatthevideogamescausedreal-lifedelinquencyistoorisky.However,thesecondstudylinkedvideo-gameviolencewithimmediateincreasesinaggression.AndersonandDillhadstudentsplayeitheraviolentgameoranon-violentgame,andletthestudentsbelievetheywereplayingagainstanopponentinanotherroom.Aftercompletingthevideogame,participantsplayedacompetitive-reactiongamewiththeir

31imaginaryopponents（對手）；inthisgamethewinnerwasallowedtopunishtheloserwithloudsounds.Theresearchersfoundthatstudentswhowerefreshfromtheviolentvideogamegavetheiropponentsloudsoundslongerthanthosewhoplayedthenon-violentgame.Becausevideogamesshowshort-termandlong-termeffects,AndersonandDillsupposethatvideo-gameviolenceinfluencesbehaviornotbyarousingaggressivefeelings,butbyteachingplayerstofind"aggressivesolutions'*toproblems.UnlikeTV,manyvideogamesdemandthatplayersidentifywiththeaggressorandactivelyparticipateinviolence.1.Accordingtothepassage,whymayviolentvideogamesbemoredangerousthanviolentmoviesorTVprograms?A.Becausevideogamesrequireactiveinvolvementinviolenceoftheplayers.B.Becausevideogamesstimulateaggressivefeelingsmoreeasily.C.Becausevideogamestendtohavelastingeffectsonone'sbehavior.D.Becausevideogamescanhaveimmediateeffectsonone'sthoughts.2.Thepurposeofthefirststudywastotrytoestablishacause-effectrelationshipbetweenA.aggressivepersonalityandreal-lifeviolenceB.one'sviolentbehaviorinthepastandatpresentC.involvementinplayingviolentvideogamesandaggressivebehaviorD.aggressivepersonalityandinvolvementinplayingviolentvideogames3.Inordertofindouttheshort-termeffectofviolentvideogamesongameplayers,researchersA.askedgameplayerstopunishthelosersintheviolentvideogamesB.observedthebehaviorofgameplayersplayingviolentvideogamesC.putgameplayersintoarealfightinaroomwithaggressiveopponentsD.observedgameplayers'reactiontotheirimaginaryopponentsingames4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutviolentvideogames?A.Theyarousestrongaggressivefeelingsingameplayers.B.Theyteachplayerstosolveproblemsinanaggressiveway.C.Theyaresuretoresultindelinquentbehaviorofgameplayers.D.Theyhavebothshort-termandlong-termeffectongameplayers.5.Thebesttitleofthepassagecanbe.A.VideoGamesandPsychologyB.VideoGamesIncreaseCrimesC.EffectsofViolentVideoGamesD.NewResearchesofVideoGames

32Test61.Sometimes,evenwhenthemindfunctioning,thebodykeepsonworkingnormally.A.ceasesB.arousesC.regulatesD.specializes2.Aliceusedtobeterriblyshy,butworkingabroadforayearhascompletelyher.A.solvedB.transformedC.characterizedD.regulated3.somanypeoplearound,itwasn'tconvenienttohavealongtalkwithhim.A.AsB.WhenC.WithD.Since4.theworldhaseverseenhasoccurredintheinformationandcommunicationstechnologies.A.GreatachangeB.ThegreatchangeC.AgreatestchangeD.Thegreatestchange5.Ourhopeforanenjoyabledinnerwasinstantlywhenthewaiterdroppedasaladplateonmyhead.A.spoiledB.restrictedC.explodedD.vanished6.Computertechnologyindividualstoeducatethemselvesandadapttoaconstantlychangingjobmarket.A.letsB.makesC.enablesD.provides7.Insomeclassrooms,desksarearrangedinaU-shape,sotheteachercaneasilywiththestudents.A.interruptB.interactC.interpretD.interview8.Theteachershouldpraisestudentsfortheircorrectanswersandalsosuggestpossibilities.

33A.unlimitedB.uniqueC.alternativeD.essential1.EmotionalIntelligence（情商）couldbeofpracticaluseinmanysuchashowcompaniesdecidewhichjobapplicanttohire,howparentsshouldraisetheirchildren,howschoolsshouldteachthestudents,andsoon.A.aspectsB.disciplinesC.structuresD.opportunities2.Wecanbepartnersfornow,butultimatelyyouhavetotodevelopanewsoftwareforourproject.A.keepupB.fireoffC.makesenseD.takethelead3.Whenhewasasmallkid,hefromhispeersbecausehecouldreadfastandrememberwhateverheread.A.showedoffB.workedoutC.stoodoutD.straightenedup4.Theschoolhasmanyafter-classactivitygroupsforthepupilstomaketheirsparetimemorecolorful.A.setupB.setoffC.setoutD.setdown5.Sciencecannowmanythingswhichwerethoughttobemysteriousbyancientpeople.A.careforB.layoutC.accountforD.setup6.Bullying（恃強欺弱）canaclimateoffearandanxietyinschool,andpreventstudentsfromfocusingontheirschoolwork.A.keepbackB.giverisetoC.feellikeD.makeuseof

341.Thefallinthenumberofdeathsfromheartdiseaseisgenerallyimprovementsindiet.A.putupwithB.attributedtoC.addedtoD.replacedwith2.Janepickedupamagazinefromthebookshelfandstartedreadinghereandthere.A.accuratelyB.randomlyC.continuallyD.emotionally3.Pleasetrustme.Trythisnewmethod.A.youwillfeelveryrelaxedB.youfeelveryrelaxedC.andyoufeelveryrelaxedD.andyouwillfeelveryrelaxed4.MakingNewYear'sresolutions（計劃）isacustomthatstillinthiscountry.A.prevailsB.attachesC.descendsD.launches5.ShewasJames'sfaithfulassistant,inwhomhecouldhaveconfidence.A.absoluteB.essentialC.automaticD.ultimateQuestions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Phobia（恐懼癥）isintenseandcontinuousfearofaspecificobject,situation,oractivity.Becauseofthisintenseandconstantfear,thephobicpersonoftenleadsarestrictedlife.Theanxietyistypicallyoutofproportion（不相稱的）totherealsituation,andthevictimisfullyawarethatthefearisirrational.Phobicanxietyisdifferentfromotherformsofanxietyonlyinthatitoccursinrelationtoacertainobjectorsituation.Thisanxietyischaracterizedbysymptoms（癥狀）suchasarapidheartbeat,stomachdisorders,chokingfeelings,sweating,andfaintness.Somephobicpeopleareabletofacebravelytheirfears.Morecommonly,however,theyavoidthesituationorobjectthatcausesthefear.Therearethreemajortypesofphobias.Simplephobiasarefearsofspecific（具體的）objectsorsituationssuchasanimals,closedspaces,andheights.Thesimplephobias,especiallythefearofanimals,maybegininchildhoodandcontinueintoadulthood.Thesecondtype,agoraphobia,isfearofopen,publicplacesandsituations（suchaspublicvehiclesandcrowdedshoppingcenters）fromwhichescapeisdifficult;agoraphobiatendincreasinglytoavoidmoresituationsuntileventuallytheybecomehousebound（閉門不出的）.Socialphobias,thethirdtype,arefearsof

35appearingstupidorshamefulinsocialsituations.Althoughagoraphobiaismoreoftenseenintreatmentthantheothertypesofphobias,itisnotbelievedtobeascommonassimplephobias.Takentogether,thephobiasarebelievedtoaffect5to10personsin100.Agoraphobiaandsimplephobiasaremorecommonlydiagnosedinwomenthaninmen;thedistributionforsocialphobiasisnotknown.Agoraphobias,socialphobias,andanimalphobiastendtoruninfamilies.Behavioraltechniqueshaveprovedsuccessfulintreatingphobias,especiallysimpleandsocialphobias.Onetechniqueinvolvesgraduallyconfrontingthephobicpersonwithsituationsorobjectsthatareincreasinglyclosetothefearedones.Exposuretherapy,anotherbehavioralmethod,hasrecentlybeenshownmoreeffective.Inthistechnique,phobicpeoplearerepeatedlyexposedtothefearedsituationorobjectsothattheycanseethatnoharmcomestothem;thefeargraduallyfades.1.Accordingtothepassage,aphobicpersonhasfear.A.becausehelivesarestrictedlifeB.onlywhenhefindssomethingveryfearfulC.evenifheknowsthathisfearisunnecessaryD.becauseheisthreatenedconstantlybyothers2.Accordingtothepassage,whoismorelikelytogotoseethedoctor?A.Peoplewhofearanimals.B.Peoplewhoareafraidofheights.C.Peoplewhoareeasytosweatandfaint.D.Peoplewhofeartogotoopen,publicplaces.3.Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?A.Phobicpeoplewillstayathomewithoutsteppingoutatall.B.Fearofheightmayresultfromone*schildhoodexperience.C.Ifonefearsanimalsasachild,hewilllikethemasanadult.D.Nophobicpeoplecanovercometheirfearwithoutseeingadoctor.4.Peoplesufferingfromsocialphobiasmaybemostlikelyafraidof.A.havingpetsB.seeingadoctorC.attendingaweddingD.shoppingaloneinastore5.BehavioralmethodmaybeeffectivetotreatsomephobiasEXCEPT.A.fearofdogsandcatsB.fearofgoingtoaparty

36A.fearoftakingacrowdedbusB.fearofstandingonahighbuildingQuestions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Sixty-eightpercentofAmerican'swealthisgeneratedbymanufacturing（制造業(yè)）.IftheUnitedStateshopestocontinuetokeepapositionofprestige（威里）andremaincompetitiveintheglobaleconomy,itmusthavestrongmanufacturing.WhathasbeendonetomaintainthecompetitivepositionoftheUnitedStatesasamajormanufacturingnation?Unfortunately,itwouldappeartoolittlehasbeendone.Whilespendingabout$150billionperyearonresearchanddevelopment-morethanthatoftheUK,FranceandJapancombined—theUnitedStateshasnotpaidenoughattentiontomanufacturing.TheNSF（NationalScienceFoundation）spendsonly13percentofitsbudgetonengineeringandonly1.2percentonmanufacturing.InGermany,30percentoftheresearchfundinggoestoengineeringand15percenttomanufacturing.TheUSDepartmentofCommerce（商務(wù)）hasonlyfivegovernment-runtechnologycenterswhileJapanhas170government-runtechnologycentersbringingnewmanufacturingtechniquestobusiness.Intermsofscientificresearch,theUnitedStateshasdoneverywell.Aboutonethirdoftheworld'sscientificpapersareproducedbytheUnitedStates.ThenearestcompetitorsaretheUnitedKingdomwith8.2percent,andJapanwith7.7percent.Almost50percentofallreferencescitedinotherscientificpapersareAmerican;thenearestcompetitorsareallbelow10percent.SomeoftheproblemsofAmericanindustrycanbeshownbyafewexamples.ThenumberofhoursittakestobuildanautomobileintheUnitedStateshasincreased;inJapanithasdecreased（by60percentbetweentheyearsof1970and1981alone）.Itnowtakeshalfasmuchtimetoassemble（組裝）aJapanesecarastoassembleanAmericancar.IttooknineyearsfortheUnitedStatestogofromresearchtoproductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetools（數(shù)控機床）；inJapanittookonlytwoyears.TheaccuracyandrepeatabilityoftypicalJapanesemachinetoolsarebetterthanUSmachinetools.TheuseofrobotsintheUnitedStatesalsodevelopsmoreslowlythanotherindustrializednations.1.Whichofthefollowingcountriesspendsthebiggestamountofmoneyonresearchanddevelopment?A.Japan.B.TheUnitedStates.C.France.D.TheUnitedKingdom.2.InwhichfieldistheUnitedStatesdoingwell?A.Engineering.B.Manufacturing.C.Scientificresearch.D.Robotproduction.3.WhatisthemainproblemwithAmericanmanufacturingindustry?

37A.TheUShasnotshownenoughconcernaboutmanufacturing.B.TheUSisspendingtoomuchmoneyonresearchanddevelopment.C.TheUShasnotbuiltenoughgovernment-ownedtechnologycenters.D.TheUSproducesonlyaboutone-thirdoftheworld'sscientificpapers.1.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorcitesseveralexamplestoshowthat.A.JapanesecarsaremucheasiertoassemblethanAmericancarsB.JapanisaleadingcountrywithstrongmanufacturingtechnologyC.theUSisnotusingmanyrobotsinitsmanufacturinglikesomeothercountriesD.theUSmanufacturingisnotdoingaswellassomeothercountriesinsomeaspects2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?A.TheUnitedStateshasdoneverywellinscientificresearch.B.IttakeslesstimenowfortheUStoassembleanautomobile.C.TheNSFspendstoolittlemoneyondevelopingmanufacturing.D.Abitovertwo-thirdsoftheUS'wealthcomesfrommanufacturing.Questions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Onebillionpeopleintheworldareshortofwater.Howcanthisproblembesolved?OnepossibilitythatscientistsareconsideringispullingicebergsfromeithertheNorthPoleortheSouthPoletopartsoftheworldwithawatershortage（短缺）.Althoughmanyquestionsmustbeansweredbeforesuchaprojectcouldbetried,engineers,mathematiciansandglaciologists（冰川學家）considertheicebergasafuturesourceofwater.SaudiArabia（沙特阿拉伯）isparticularlyinterestedinthisprojectbecauseithasagreatwatershortage.Scientistsestimatethatitwouldtake128daystotransportalargeiceberg（about1/2milessquare）toSaudiArabia.Yettheicebergwouldbecompletelymeltedbythe104thday.Therefore,insulationwouldbeessential,buthowtoinsulatetheicebergremainsanunsolvedproblem.Theproblemsintransportinganicebergarenumerous.Thefirstproblemischoosingtheicebergtopull.TheicebergsthatformintheNorthPolearequitedifficulttohandlebecauseoftheirshape.Onlyasmallportionextends（延伸）abovethewater-mostoftheicebergisbelowthesurface,whichwouldmakeitdifficulttopull.SouthPoleicebergs,ontheotherhand,areflatandfloatliketabletops;thus,theywouldbemucheasiertomove.Howcana200million-tonicebergbemoved?Noshipisstrongenoughtopullsuchenormousweightthroughthewater.Perhapsseveralshipscouldbeused.Attachingropestoanicebergthissizeisalsoanenormousproblem.Engineersthinkthatlargenailsorlongmetalrods（桿）couldbedrivenintotheice.Whatwouldhappeniftheicebergbreaksintoseveralpiecesduringthepulling?Howcoulditbepulledthroughstormywaters?Furthermore,oncetheicebergreacheditsdestination（目的地），veryfewportswouldbedeepenoughtostoreit.Alloftheseproblemsmustbesolvedbeforeicebergscanbecomeareasonablesourceofwater.Yetscientiststhinkthatitwillbepossibletotransporttheminthenearfuture.Eachyear,enoughicebergsformtosupplythewholeworldwithfreshwaterforafullyear.Inaddition,icebergsarefreeandnon-polluting.Asasolutiontotheworld'swaterproblems,icebergsmaybeaworkablepossibility.3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutusingicebergstosolvewatershortageisNOT

38true?A.Therearedifficultengineeringproblemstobesolved.B.Thewaterinmostportsistooshallowforbigicebergs.C.SaudiArabiaistheonlycountryinterestedintheproject.D.It'shardtopullanicebergwhichislargelybelowthewatersurface.1.Whichofthefollowingisoneofthedifficultiestotransporticebergs?A.Notenoughships.B.Terribleweatherintheocean.C.Toomuchsaltintheoceanwater.D.Toomanydifferentshapesoficebergs.2.IcebergsfromtheSouthPoleprobablyareeasiertotransportbecause.A.theyareeasiertopull.B.theydonotmeltveryeasily.C.theyareallinsmallportions.D.theystandabovethewatersurface.3.Fromthepassage,theword"insulation"inParagraph1canbebestexplainedasA.separatingtheicebergfromheat.B.takingtheicebergawayfromtheocean.C.protectingtheicebergfrombeingbroken.D.shorteningthedistancefromthedestination.4.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat.A.thechancesofusingicebergsasasourceofwaterareverysmall.B.usingicebergsasasourceofwatermaycauseenvironmentalproblem.C.itisjustafantasyforhumanstotransporticebergstosolvethewatershortage.D.scientistsareoptimisticaboutthepossibilityofusingicebergsasawatersource.Test61.Thepresident'svisitanddiscussionsledtoaplanthataimedtoimprovethetraderelationsbetweenthetwocountries.A.emergingB.subsequentC.consequentD.submerging2.Thebosshisemployeestoworklongerhoursasthecompanyisdreadfullyshortofstaffatpresent.

39A.calledonB.signedupC.caredforD.setup1.thatnewhomescostmorethanolderhomes,butthatisnottrueacrossthecountryanymore.A.ItusedtobeB.ItisusedtobeC.ItusedtobeingD.Itisusedtobeing2.Itisimportantthatwhichevercandidate（候選人）ispickedthelosershouldacceptthedefeatA.inadvanceB.withgreatprideC.withgoodgraceD.inlargepart3.Idon'thaveanybandage,soIhavetopressuretothewoundtokeepthebleedingdown.A.applyB.involveC.fulfillD.establish4.Olderpeoplearelesslikelytobetheirnegativeemotions（情緒）andmorelikelytofocusonthepositive.A.reservedforB.caughtupinC.beatuptoD.countedon5.Hewasalwaysreadytohelpothersandmanagedtohisfriendsbeinghurt.A.expose...toB.confine...toC.restrict...fromD.shield...from6.Womenhaveagreaterabilitytonameswithfacesthanmendo,andtheyarealsobetteratrecallinglists.A.associateB.compareC.engageD.involve7.Itisreallyhelpfultohavesomeonelikeyouthatwecanandcountonduringdifficulttimes.

40A.leanonB.gettoC.hangonD.getby1.Intherace,itlookedasifhewouldbethefirst,butthenanotheryoungmanwhowasclosebehindhimputonspeedandbyafewseconds.A.beathimforitB.beathimtoitC.beathimupD.beatittohim2.Whenthedriverheardthattherewasabombonthebus,heimmediatelytothesideofthehighwayandradioedthepolice.A.putoutB.tookoffC.pulledoverD.slippedoff3.Itriedmybesttodriveinsideinordertoavoidtheedgesthatmightmakemethesteepslope.A.slipdownB.settledownC.bringdownD.turndown4.Ifyougrowtoofastyourentireeconomycouldcompletelyshutdownandbringgrowthtoa(n)A.haltB.ceaseC.peakD.epidemic5.Almosthalfofthatgroupwillexperiencestressenoughtocallforprofessionalhelp.A.tenseB.moderateC.bearableD.intense6.Sherunsonaverageamileeverydaysinceshewenttojuniorhighschool,.A.whateverweatherB.whateverweatherisC.whatevertheweatherD.whateveristheweather7.Crossedarmscanshowpatience,displeasure,orjudgment—anyofwhichwould

41preventpeoplefromopeningup.A.arangeofB.alackofC.astringofD.amatterof1.Themodern-daycookie,asweknowit,about200yearsago,withtheintroductionofteaandcoffeeintoEurope.A.keptinshapeB.cameintobeingC.setupD.gaveriseto2.Iftheyoungmanseeksnothingbutpleasure,hewillachievenothing.A.inneedB.intheendC.intimeD.inorder3.It'sashamethatIhavelearnedFrenchfor10yearsandyetIamunabletomorethanafewsentences.A.steerB.utterC.spillD.occur4.Ithinkmyemotionsweresothattheyimmediatelysensedthatsomethinghadgonewrong.A.subtleB.transparentC.sensitiveD.intactQuestions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.ManyAmericanssaythehardestjobintheworldisbeingpresidentoftheUnitedStates.Hemustbeabletodealwithproblems24hoursaday,sevendaysaweek.Evenonholidaysorinthemiddleofthenight,hemayhavetomakedecisionsthataffectbothpeopleinthiscountryandtherestoftheworld.Thatiswhysomenewsmediatellaboutchangesinapresident'spersonalappearanceduringhistimeinoffice,suchasgrayerhairandmorelinesonhisface.AndthatgotS.Olshansky,researcherinagingattheUniversityofIllinoisatChicago,tothink.Manydoctorssaythathighlevelsofstressarebadforyourhealth.Sopeoplewouldexpectapresident'slifetobeshorterthanaverage.Somepeopleevensaythatbeingpresidentcouldcauseapersontoagetwotimesasfastasnormal.SoProfessorOlshanskyexaminedthelivesofthe34Americanpresidentswhodiedofnaturalcauses.Hefoundthat23ofthemlivedlongerthanmostpeoplebornatthesametime.

42Theaverageageofthose34presidentswhentheydiedwas73.Iftheyhadagedtwotimesasfastasnormal,theyshouldhavelivedtobeonly68.1yearsold.Theprofessoralsofoundthatthefirsteightpresidentslivedanaverageof79.8years.Atthattime,modernmedicineshadnotbeeninvented,andmostmenlivedonlyabout40yearsold.ProfessorOlshanskysaysgrayhair,hairlossandotherchangesarepartofagingandmayresultfromsomethinginourgenes.Sopresidentsarenotdifferentfromtherestofus.Buthethinkstherearethreereasonstheyoutliveotherpeople.Mostpresidentsarewell-educated.ManyarewealthywhencomparedtootherAmericans.Andtheyhavethebestmedicalcarepossible.Theyknowhowtostayhealthy,andhavethebestdoctors.Asaresult,theycanaffordtoliveahealthylifelongaftertheyleavetheWhiteHouse.ProfessorOlshanskysays,"Itisaclassicexampleofthebenefitsofsocioeconomic（社會經(jīng)濟的）status.”1.Whichofthefollowingdomostdoctorsbelieve?A.Bigstressleadstoashorterlife.B.Bigstressisharmfultoone'shealth.C.Presidentslivelongerthanmostpeople.D.Presidentsagetwotimesasfastasnormal.2.WhatledProfessorOlshanskytoexaminethelivesofAmericanpresidents?A.Peopleareinterestedinpresidents'personalappearance.B.AnAmericanpresidentdoesthehardestjobintheworld.C.AnAmericanpresidentisgoodatmakingimportantdecisions.D.Peoplegenerallybelievethatpresidentsagefasterthanotherpeople.3.Whatdoes"outlive*'inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?A.Livealongerlifethanotherpeople.B.Liveahealthierlifethanotherpeople.C.Liveawealthierlifethanotherpeople.D.Liveamorepowerfullifethanotherpeople.4.WhatdothepresidentsstudiedinProfessorOlshansky'sresearchhaveincommon?A.Theyalldiedofnaturalcauses.B.Theyalllivedlongerthantheirpeers.C.Theyallhadaccesstomodernmedicine.D.Theyallagedfasterthanpeopleexpected.5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforAmericanpresidentstolivelonger?A.Theyhavebettergenesforlonglife.B.Theyhavethebestdoctorsandmedicine.C.Theyhavehighersocialandeconomicstatus.D.Theyhavegoodeducationandtrytokeephealthy.Questions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Howmanycalories（卡路里）weeatappearsmoreimportantthanwhatweeatwhenweeattoomuch.Thatwasthefindingofanewstudythatshouldbesatisfyingtoanyonewhocountscaloriesforweightcontrol.Anyonewhohasevertriedtoloseweightknowsthereareallkindsofconflictingdietplans.Sometellpeoplenottoeatcarbohydrates（碳水化合物）.Otherssaynottoeatfats.Stillotherssaytoeatmoreprotein（蛋白質(zhì)），ortoeat

43lessprotein.Dr.GeorgeBrayatthePenningtonBiomedicalResearchCenterinLouisianaledthenewstudy.Hewantedtoknowifproteininfoodaffectsweightgain.Twenty-fivehealthyadultswereinthestudy.Theywereoverfedwithalmostathousandcaloriesadayoveraneight-weekperiod.Theyfolloweddietswithlow,normalorhighlevelsofprotein.Normalwasdefinedas15percentofenergyfromprotein.Dr.Braysaysallofthemgainedweight.Fatstoragewasexactlythesamewithallthreelevelsofprotein.Itwasthecaloriesthattheyatethataffectedthebodyfatthattheystored.Thestudyfoundthatthosewhoateahigherpercentageofproteingainedmoreleanbodymass（去脂體重），themassofthebodyminusthefat.Theoppositehappenedonalow-proteindiet.'Ifyourproteinintakeislow,you'llactuallylosebodymasseventhoughyou'reeatinganexcess（過量的）amountofcalories."Dr.Braytellshispatientstoweighthemselvesregularlysotheycanknowquicklyiftheygainweight.Dr.DariushMozaffarianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthstudiestherelationshipbetweendietandconditionslikeheartdiseaseanddiabetes.Hesayskeepingahealthyweightisnotjustabouteatingless,butalsoaboutwhatyoueat.Peopledon'tneedtogodownalistof"avoidthis,avoidthat"tobecomefoodpolice.Actually,thefoodstheytrytoavoidaremostlywhatshouldbeincreased.Thatincludesfruits,vegetables,wholegrains,fish,vegetableoilsandnuts.Hesaysincreasingthesesixfoodsbyaboutoneservingeachdaywouldreduceobesity（肥胖癥）andhelpreduceobesity-relateddiseases.1.WhatisthemainpurposeofthestudyledbyDr.Bray?A.Toprovehowfatscontributetoweightgain.B.Tofindoutaproperdietforoverweightpeople.C.Tostudytherelationshipbetweendietandheartdisease.D.Tostudytherelationshipbetweenproteinandweightgain.2.WhathappenedtotheparticipantsinthestudyledbyDr.Bray?A.Theymanagedtoget15percentofenergyfromprotein.B.Theywereaskedtoeatdifferentlevelsofcalories.C.Theywerefoundtohavestoredthesameamountoffat.D.Theywerefoundtohavestoreddifferentlevelsofprotein.3.Whoarelikelytoloseleanbodymass?A.Thosewhoeatmorecaloriesthannormal.B.Thosewhoeatfewercaloriesthannormal.C.Thosewhoeatalowerpercentageofprotein.D.Thosewhoeatahigherpercentageofprotein.4.AccordingtoDr.Mozaffarian,whatshouldpeopledotoreduceobesityandobesity-relateddiseases?A.Theyshouldincreasecertainfoods.B.Theyshouldbecome"foodpolice".C.Theyshouldeatfewerofcertainfoods.D.Theyshouldavoidsomespecificfoods.5.Whichisthemainmessagetheauthortriestosendaboutweightcontrol?A.Peopleshouldfollowalowproteindiet.B.Peopleshouldweighthemselvesregularly.

44A.Abalanceddietmayhelppeoplestayhealthy.B.Theamountofcaloriesoneeatsmattersmost.HeatingandcoolingequipmentisthebiggestuserofenergyinAmericanhomes.Andhomesareresponsibleforabout1/4ofthenation'stotalenergyuse.Buttherearesurprisinglysimplewaystodeeplyreduceenergyuse,itseffectontheenvironmentanditscost.DavidPeabodyandhisteamatPeabodyArchitectsdesignpassivehomes.Hesaysthedesignofapassivehouseaimstoreduceenergydemandtoitslowestpossiblelevel.Passivehousesusenosolar,geothermal（地熱）orwindenergyequipment.Buttheyarereallyenergy-efficient.Mr.Peabodysayspassivehousescutheatingandcoolingcostsbyabout90percent.Butwhatsetshisdesignapartfromother"greenhomes'*isthatitlookslikeanyotherhome."Thatisthebeautyofthepassivehouseapproach.Youdon'thavetobuildinaparticularwayorinanyparticularstyle.That'swhyinourcasewedecidedtotrytodosomethingthatwasverytraditionallyAmerican.HPassivehousesusesomespecializedmaterials.Theyalsoneedtohavespecialairtreatmentsystems.Supporterssaytheycostonlyaboutfivetoeightpercentmorethantraditionalhomes,buttheyuseonly10percentoftheenergyforheatingandcooling.However,PassiveHouseInstituteUSsaysevengreatersavingscanbereachedwithadditionslikesolarwaterheatingsystems.Theymightcallthatanactivepassivehouse.PeabodyArchitectssaysitisbuildingthefirstpassivehomeintheWashingtonDCarea.Butitwillnotbethelast.InArlington,Virginia,RogerLinandhisbrotherEricarealsobuildingone.Thewindows,sealedagainstleaks,areairtight.Theyhavethreelayersofglass.Onacoldwinterday,

45thetemperatureinsidetheunfinishedhomeisacomfortable12degreesCelsius（攝氏），or50degreesFahrenheit伴氏）.DavidPeabodysaysyoucanfindpassivehomesallovertheworld.ThefirstpassivedesignwasanapartmentbuildinginDarmstadt,Germany.Twophysicistshelpeddevelopitabout20yearsago.“NorthAfrica,forexample,hasapassivehousecommunitydesigningforveryhotdryclimatesandthat'sawholeotherareaofexplorationforpassivehouses."1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Differenttypesofpassivehomes.B.Passivehomesandenergysaving.C.Solarenergyusedinpassivehomes.D.HistoryofpassivehomesinNorthAfrica.2.Whichofthefollowingisacommonfeatureofpassivehouses?A.Theyusespecialenergyequipment.B.Theyaregoodatreducingenergyuse.C.Theyareallbuiltwithparticularmaterials.D.Theylooklikejustanyothergreenhomes.3.Howarepassivehousescomparedwithtraditionalhomes?A.Theymaycostfarmoremoneytobuild.B.Theymaycutbuildingcostsbyaboutfivetoeightpercent.C.Theyuseabout1/4ofthenation*senergyuse.D.Theyuseabout90percentlessenergyforheatingandcooling.4.WhatisspecialaboutPeabody'spassivehouse?A.Ithasabeautifullook.B.Itisbuiltinaspecialway.C.Itlookslikeanyotherhouse.D.Itisbuiltinaparticularstyle.5.WhatisspecialaboutthepassivehousebuiltbyRogerLinandhisbrotherEric?A.Ithasspecialdesignsforcoldwinterdays.B.Itisthefirstpassivehomebuiltinthearea.C.Itisunfinishedbutlooksverycomfortable.D.Ithaswindowsthatallownoairtogetthrough.Test8Questions1to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.transactionsB.categoryC.distinctionsspecifyE.rationalF.identify

46irrationalH.overlookingT.prioroverloadK.relyL.overabundancesurrenderN.concern0.renderResearchononlinedatingindicatedthatparticipantswhohadmorepotentialpartnersdidnotexperienceanygreateremotionalsatisfactionthanthosewhohadfeweroptions.Infact,theyweremore(1)abouttheirchoices.Thesefindingsdonotonly(2)onlinedating.Otherresearchhasalsoshownthatmorechoicescan(3)peoplelesssatisfiedandmoreconfused.Haveyoueverhadtroubletryingtodecidewhat(4)ofshampootobuyinthesupermarket?Well,severalexperimentshaveshownthat,whenshoppersarepresentedwitheitheran(5)orlimitedamountofconsumerchoices,morepeopleactuallyendupmaking(6)andarehappierwhentheyareofferedwithalimitedsetofoptions.Inanattempttocopewiththelargeamountofinformationandpotentialchoicesonadailybasis,wetendto(7)onourinstincttohelpmakeourdecisions.Instinctisadecision-makingtoolthatsaveseffortby(8)someinformation.Theessentialfunctionistoreduceandsimplifytheprocessingofinformationfromourenvironment.Inotherwords,lessismore.Inparticular,(9)researchsuggeststhatwhenthenumberofpotentialspeed-datingpartnersgoesup,peopletendtorelyoninstinct.To(10),inspeed-datingeventswheretheamountofpotentialpartnerstochoosefromisrelativelylarge,peoplemainlypayattentiontoinformationthatiseasilyaccessible,suchasage,height,etc.ratherthanoccupationandeducation.Questions1to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Self-Discipline:theFoundationforSuccessA)Nopersonalsuccess,achievement,orgoal,canberealizedwithoutself-discipline.Itissingularlythemostimportantattributeneededtoachieveanytypeofpersonalexcellence,athleticaccomplishment,virtuosityinthearts,orotherwiseoutstandingperformance.B)Self-disciplineistheabilitytocontrolone'simpulses,emotions,desiresandbehavior.Itisbeingabletoturndownimmediatepleasureandinstantgratificationinfavorofgainingthelong-termsatisfactionandfulfillmentfromachievinghigherandmoremeaningfulgoals.C)Topossessitistobeabletomakethedecisions,taketheactions,andexecuteyourgameplanregardlessoftheobstacles,discomfort,ordifficultiesthatmaycomeyourway.Certainly,beingdisciplineddoesnotmeanlivingalimitingorarestrictivelifestyle.Nordoesitmeangivingupeverythingyouenjoy,or,torelinquishfunandrelaxation.Itdoesmeanlearninghowtofocusyourmindandenergiesonyourgoalsandpersevereuntiltheyareaccomplished.Italsomeanscultivatingamindsetwherebyyouareruledbyyourdeliberatechoicesratherthanbyyouremotions,badhabits,ortheswayofothers.Self-disciplineallowsyoutoreachyourgoalsinareasonabletimeframeandtoliveamoreorderlyandsatisfyinglife.

47A)Howtodevelopself-discipline?Startwithbabysteps.Noprocesstakesplaceovernight.Justasittakestimetobuildmuscle,sodoesittaketimetodevelopself-discipline.Themoreyoutrainandbuildit,thestrongeryoubecome.Inexercise,ifyoutrytodotoomuchatonce,youcouldinjureyourselfandhaveasetback.Likewise,takeitonestepatatimeinbuildingself-discipline.So,beginbymakingthedecisiontogoforwardandlearningwhatittakestogetthere.B)Learnwhatmotivatesyouandwhatyourbadtriggersare.Youcanbeginbylearningaboutyourself!Sometimesitisverydifficulttofightoffurgesandcravings,soknowtheareaswhereyourresistanceislowandhowtoavoidthosesituations.Ifyouknowyoucan'tresistcake,fries,orothertemptations,stayawayfromthem.Donothavethemaroundtolureyouinmomentsofweakness.Ifyoualsoknowthatputtingpressureonyourselfdoesnotworkforyou,thensetyourselfupinanenvironmentthatencouragesthebuildingofself-disciplineratherthanonethatsabotagesit.Removethetemptationsandsurroundyourselfwithsoothingandencouragingitemssuchasmotivatingslogansandpicturesofwhatyouwanttoachieve.C)Learnalsowhatenergizesandmotivatesyou.Yourwillpowercangoupanddownwithyourenergylevelssoplayenergeticmusictoperkyouup,movearound,andlaugh.Trainyourselftoenjoywhatyouaredoingbybeingenergized.Thiswillmakeiteasiertoimplementdesirableandappropriatebehaviorsintoyourroutine,whichisreallywhatself-disciplineisallabout.D)Makecertainbehaviorsaroutine.Onceyouhavedecidedwhat'simportanttoyouandwhichgoalstostrivefor,youmayestablishadailyroutinethatwillhelpyouachievethem.Forexample,ifyouwanttoeathealthilyorloseweight,youneedresolvetoeatseveralservingsoffruitsandvegetableseachdayandexerciseforatleasthalfanhour.Makeitpartofyourdailyroutineandpartofyourself-disciplinebuilding.Likewise,getridofsomeofyourbad,self-defeatinghabits,whatevertheymaybe.Theycanputyouinanegativeframeofmindandhinderyourself-discipline.Apoorattitudecanalsobeabadhabit.E)Learntosaynotosomeofyourfeelings,impulsesandurges.Trainyourselftodowhatyouknowtoberight,evenifyoudon'tfeellikedoingit.Skipdessertsomeevenings.LimityourTVwatching.Resisttheurgetoyellatsomeonewhohasirritatedyou.Stopandthinkbeforeyouact.Thinkaboutconsequences.Whenyoupracticeself-restraintithelpsyoudevelopthehabitofkeepingotherthingsundercontrol.F)Sportsareanexcellentwaytoenhanceself-discipline.Theytrainyoutosetgoals,focusyourmentalandemotionalenergies,becomephysicallyfit,andtogetalongwellwithothers.Participatinginsportsprovidesasituationwhereyoulearntoworkhardandstrivetodoyourbest,whichinturn,teachesyoutointegratethesamethoughtprocessesanddisciplinesintoyoureverydaylife.G)Learningtoplayamusicalinstrumentcanbeanothergreatwaytopracticeself-discipline.Thefocus,repetition,andapplicationrequiredinlearningtoplayaninstrumentisinvaluable.Achievingself-disciplineinanyoneareaofyourlifereprogramsyourmindtochoosewhatisright,ratherthanwhatiseasy.H)Getinspirationfromthoseyouadmire.MichaelJordanhasalwaysmaintainedthathisgreatnessasabasketballplayercameasmuchfromhiswillingnesstoworkhardathiscraft,asitdidhistalent.Itwas

48hisdesirethroughdisciplineandfocusthatmadehimoneofthebestbasketballplayersever.Ifitworkedforhim,itcouldcertainlyworkfortherestofus.A)Visualizetherewards.Thereisnothingmoregratifyingthanaccomplishingyourgoals.Practicethetechniquethathighachieversandtopathletesdo.Projectyourselfinthefuture.Visualizeyourdesiredoutcome.Feelhowrewardingitisandthecountlessbenefitsyouwillenjoy.Remindyourselfwhatittakestogetthere.B)Herearethebenefitsyouwillgetfrombuildingself-discipline.Itwillbuildself-confidence.Youwillaccomplishmore,andarethereforemoreproductive.Youareabletomaintainahighertoleranceforfrustration,obstaclesandnegativeemotions.Itallowsyoutoobtainbetterhealth,betterfinancesandagoodworkethic.Youareabletoreachyourmostdifficultgoalsmoreefficiently.Themoredisciplinedyoubecome,theeasierlifeyouget.C)Ifyouaretobemastersofyourowndestiny,youmustdevelopself-disciplineandself-control.Byfocusingonlong-termbenefitsinsteadofshort-termdiscomfort,youcanencourageyourselvestodevelopself-discipline.Ultimatelyyourhealthandhappinessdependonit.(1)Liketrainingyourmuscle,developingourself-disciplineisastep-by-stepprocess.(2)Sportshelpyouincorporatethethoughtoftryingforthebestinyourdailylife.(3)Onecangetinspirationfromhisrolemodeltobuilduphisself-discipline.(4)Self-disciplineisanecessaryqualitytoachieveanypersonalexcellence.(5)You'resuggestedtomakewhatyoudecidedimportantadailyroutinewhichcanhelpyouachieveyourobjectsanddevelopself-discipline.(6)Throughdevelopingself-disciplinewecanbeincontrolofourowndestiny.(7)Beingself-disciplinedinvolvesbothconcentratingonyourgoalsandhabituatingtomakingconsideredandrationalchoices.(8)Gettingtoknowyourself,especiallyyourlowresistancetosometemptationwillhelpyoudevelopself-discipline.(9)Trainingyourselftobeenergeticandenjoywhatyouaredoingisastrategytodevelopself-discipline.(10)Successfulpeoplepracticethemethodofcastingthemselvesintothefuturetodeveloptheirself-discipline.Questions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Itisveryoddthatnooneisafraidoftheword"dance"andnoonewouldobjecttothephrase"let'sgodancing,"butmention"ballet"andpeoplestartcomplaining.Thesesocialprejudicescomefromseveralmisconceptionsandfromcertainhistoricfacts.BalletistheWesterntheatricaldanceformthathas

49developedoveraperiodoffourcenturies.Ithasalwaysdependedupongovernmentorroyalsupportforitslife.Inmoremoderntimes,thissupportcamefromwealthypeoplewhoattendtheballetinbeautifultheatersinsomeoftheworld'sgreatcities.Peoplehave,therefore,cometoseeballetasaculturalform.Overtime,Ballethasdevelopeditsownlanguage,onethatmanyordinarypeopledonotunderstand.Beingaballetdancerinvolvessevenyearsofverydifficulttrainingfromanearlyage,yetanyonecandanceatasocialgathering,givenacertainamountofeffortanddesire.Thephysicalimageofbothmaleandfemaledancersisverystylized,andcostumingissounnaturalinmanycases,withitstightclothes,specialslippers,andshortskirts.Forthesereasons,itisnotpossibleforthegeneralpublictohavethekindofidentificationwithaballetdancerthattheyoftenfeelforanactor,filmstar,orathlete.Itisalsostrangethatavisualartthatspeaksdirectlytotheeye,inthesamewayasoccergameoranOlympicgymnasticcontestdoes,stillmakespeoplenervous.Toooftenpeoplestayawayfromballetbecausetheythinktheywillnot"understand"it.However,theyneverseemtofindthisproblemwhentheywatchpopularicedancechampionshipsontelevision.Noraretheyafraidtoexpresstheiropinionsandsometimesdisagreewithjudges'decisions.Peopleenjoywatchingsportsbecausetheyenjoyitsphysicaldaring.Theyappreciateathletes*superblyconditionedbodiesworkingatmaximumefficiency.Ifpeopleonlylookedatdancing-anyformofdancing-inthesamewaytheyappreciatesports,therewouldbefewerprejudicestoovercome.1.Whatisthesocialprejudicementionedinthepassage?A.Somepeoplelikedancingbutnotballet.B.Peopledon'tlikeballetiftheydon'tcomefromabigcity.C.Ballethasalwaysdependedupongovernmentorroyalsupport.D.Peoplehavecometoseeballetasaculturalform.2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.ManyordinarypeopleunderstandBallet.B.Tobecomeaballetdancerisespeciallydifficult.C.Tobecomeadanceratasocialgatheringisequallydifficult.D.Thegeneralpubliclikeballetbetterthanotheractors.3.Whatissomethingstrangementionedbytheauthor?A.Peopleappreciatesportsmorethantheyappreciateballet.B.Peopleunderstandsports,buttheydon'tunderstandballet.C.Peoplewillenjoyballetmoreiftheyseeitasasport.D.Balletthatperformsthesamewayassoccerstillscarespeople.4.Accordingtotheauthor,whydopeopleenjoywatchingsports?A.Theydonotunderstandballet.B.Theythinksportsaremoreexciting.C.Theylovesoccerandskating.D.Theycanchangejudges'decisions.5.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaythroughthispassage?A.Everyonecanenjoyballet.

50A.Youcanonlyenjoyballetifyouunderstandit.B.Onlyeducatedpeoplecanenjoyballet.C.Toenjoysportsislessdifficultthanenjoyballet.Questions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Feelinglonely?Whynotgotothemall?You'llfindplentyofcompany,andyes,anewpairofshoesormaybeevenanewcomputergame.It'squickandeffortless;andyoudon'tneedspecialequipment.Youjustgetinyourcaranddrivetoastore.They'reeverywhere,andthey'reopen24hoursinanyweather.Mostofpeoplethinkofshoppingassomethingwedowhenweneedtobuythings,butsomepeopleshopfordifferentreasons.Infact,ifshoppingisyourfavoritehobby,somethingyoucaneasilydotochangeyourmood,youmightfeelgreat.However,ifyouarenotcareful,thetotalonyourcreditcardbillswillsoonbemorethanyouhaveinyourbankaccount.Becauseshoppingissoenjoyableandconvenient,peoplegetintothedangeroushabitofspendingmoneytotrytofeelgood.Theybecometrappedinacycleofself-defeatingbehaviorthatleadstodebtanddissatisfaction.Howdoyouknowifyouareacompulsivespender?Thereisnoeasyanswer.Butaskyourselfthis:Doyouhaveclothesinyourclosetthatyouneverwearorthatstillhavethepricetagsonthem?Doyoueverhideyourpurchasesfromyourfamily?Thesearesomeofthewarningsigns.Mostcompulsivespendersareunawareoftheirhabitsorstronglydenythem.Compulsivespendersprefertoavoidtheissuesthatforcethemtoshop,sotheproblemisnotjustthattheyspendmorethantheyearn.Spendingproblemsmayresultfromdeeppersonalproblemsthatcompulsivespendershave.Somespontaneousspendingisnatural:flowerstobrightenarainyday,oratreatforajobwelldone.Tobespontaneousmeanstoactwithoutplanning.However,acompulsivespenderwillshopinresponsetostressandfollowarealphysicalurgetogooutandspendmoney.Whenthistypeofspendingcausesseriousproblemsforyouandyourfamily,youhaveacompulsivespendingproblem.1.Accordingtothepassage,peopleusuallygoshopping.A.whentheywanttohangoutwithfriendsB.whentheyfeellonelyandboredC.whentheyneedtobuythingsD.whentheywantthepleasureofspendingmoney2.Compulsiveshoppersbuythingsbecause.A.theywanttospendtheirmoneyB.shoppingistheirfavoritehobbyC.theyneedtofeelgoodD.theydon'tthinktheyhaveenoughclothes3.Mostcompulsiveshoppers.A.arehappytotalkabouttheirproblemB.don'tliketodiscusstheirproblemC.areawareoftheirshoppinghabitsD.wanttogetridofacycleofself-defeatingbehavior4.Itcanbeinferredthatspontaneousspendingisusually.

51A.compulsiveB.addictiveC.dangerousD.harmless1.Whafsthepurposeofthispassage?A.Tocomparetwotypesofspendinghabit.B.Toencouragespontaneousspending.C.Todescribewhatacompulsivespendingis.D.Tomakepeopleawareoftheirproblems.Questions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Doyoueverautomaticallysay"Godblessyou*'whensomeonesneezes（打噴嚏）？Didyouevercrossyourfingerswhenmakingawish?Mostpeoplewhodothesethingsneverthinkaboutwhytheydothem.Theyjustdothem.Butthereisareason.Bothactsaremeanttoinsuregoodluck.Theyaresuperstitionsthathavecomedowntousfromanearliertime,wheneverybodybelievedingoodanddevilspirits.Eveninourmodernworld,whenmenaretravelingtothemoon,wearestillpracticingsomeoftheseancienthabitsinourdailylives.Inancienttimes,menbelievedthatthesoullivedinthehead.Everytimewhensomeonesneezed,hewasriskingthedangerofforcingthatsouloutandblowingitoutofthenoseintotheoutsideworld.So,asprotectionagainstalostsoul,peoplewouldsay*'Godblessyou'*tobesurethatGodwouldcatchthesoulandreturnittoitsrightfulowner.Similarly,inearliertimes,menfeltthatthecrosswasaluckysign.Thepointwherethetwolinesofacrossmetwastheluckiestspot,forifyoumadeawishonthisspot,thewishwouldbeheldbetweenthesetwolinesandnotgetloose.So,peoplecrossedtheirfingerswhentheymadeawish.Awishboundforeverinthiswaywouldeventuallyhavetocometrue.Moreover,sincetheevilspiritsstoodontheleft,andthegoodspiritsontheright,therightsidewasalwaysconsideredtheluckysideofthebody.Puttingyourbestfootforwardmeantstartingoutontheluckyside,withyourrightfootfirst.Thatwasaguaranteeofgoodluckatwhateveryouwereabouttodo.Westillspeakof"puttingyourbestfootforward,"althoughwedon*talwaysstartwalkingwiththerightfoot.Eachoftheselittlegood-luckhabitsoncehadaseriouspurpose.Althoughpeoplenolongerbelieveinevilspirits,theyarestillcrossingtheirfingersorputtingtheirbestfootforward-justtobesurethatgoodluckcomestheirway.2.Tomakeawishcometrue,youshould.A.knockonawoodB.flingsaltoveryourshoulderC.putyourbestfootforwardD.crossyourfingers3.Tostartoutontheluckyside,youneedto.

52A.changethehabitofstartingwithyourrightfootB.startwalkingwithyourrightfootC.putyourbestfootbackwardD.letevilspiritsstandontheleft1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople.A.nolongerbelieveinsuperstitionsB.stillbelievethatevilspiritsfollowthemC.followsuperstitionswithoutknowingwheretheybeganD.thinkeverydaythingshadmagicalpowers2.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthatpeoplethought.A.superstitionswereagainsttheirreligionB.evilspiritsweretoosmarttobetrickedC.theycoulddothingstobeprotectedfromevilspiritsD.evilspiritslivedinyourheadandnose3.Themainideaofthepassageis.A.therearereasonsbehindsuperstitionsB.superstitionsarefoolishC.peoplestillbelieveinsuperstitionsD.peopletodaydon'thavesuperstitionsQuestions16to20arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Mothershaveknownitforyears.Givethechildrenahamburger,andtheywillloveit;spendhoursmakingahome-cookedmeal,andtheywillleaveitontheplate.NowFrenchscientistshavediscoveredwhy.AccordingtoresearchersnearParis,thebraindoesnotrespondwelltounfamiliartastes.Sensationsarenotasstrongwhenthemindisstrugglingtounderstandmessagesthatcomefromthetongue.Thisprovideslittlereasontotastenewthings.Humanbeingsarenaturallylikerats-weareafraidofanythingnew.Ifyougiveratssomefoodthattheyhaveneverhadbefore,theywillturntheirbacksonitoutoffear.Wearethesame.Itispossibletointroducenewfoods,butonlyintherightpsychologicalcontext,likeabirthday.Oncetheintroductionhasbeenmade,thefactofhavingafullstomachisphysicallypleasing,sothenexttimeitiseasier.However,somefoodsaremoretemptingthanothers.Scientistsaresurethatwearebornwithasweettooth.Thisiswhychildrenhaveanaturaldesireforsugar.Anotherdiscoveryishowasenseofsmellaffectsourappetite.Inoneexperiment,chemicalsubstanceswereputonthetonguesofhumanparticipants.Atthesametime,airwasblowndowntheparticipants'nosessotheycouldnotsmellthechemicalsubstances.Asaresult,notwopeoplegotthesamesensationfromthesamefood.Physical,psychological,andculturaldifferencesshapedtheresponse.Theintensityoffeelingsaboutfooddependsuponknowledgeofit.Theaveragestudentwhoeatsanewdishwillhaveonlyacloudyimageofit,butforsomepeoplewhosetonguesaretrainedtoappreciatefinedifferences,they'llhaveanexcitingexperience,muchlikesomeonewhohasagreatmusicalear.Thisiswhysomeonewhoeatshamburgerseverydaylikesthemandbecomesahamburgerexpert.Theycantell

53thedifferencebetweenaBigMacandaBurgerKing,justliketheJapanesecantellthedifferencebetweenvarietiesofricethattastethesametoEuropeans.1.Whydochildrenpreferahamburgertoahome-cookedmeal?A.Thepersondoesn'tgettheinstructionfromthebrain.B.Thebraindoesn'trespondwelltounfamiliartastes.C.Thefoodmadeathomeisnottasty.D.Childrenpreferfoodthatiseasytomake.2.Onwhatoccasionarepeoplewillingtotrynewfood?A.Whentheyarehappy.B.Whentheyarehungry.C.Whentheyhavealreadyeaten.D.Whentheyeatwithfriends.3.Whatcausespeopletolikecertainfoodsbutnotothers?A.Thefactwhethertheyhaveasweettooth.B.Thewayhowthefoodiscooked.C.Thedifferencesinpeoplewhoeatfood.D.Thecolorpeopleseeofthefood.4.Whycansomepeopleappreciatethefinedifferencesinfood?A.Theyliketotrydifferentkindsoffood.B.Theyhaveanearofmusic.C.Theydon'teatalotoffood.D.Theyknowalotaboutfood.5.Whatisanappropriatetitleforthepassage?A.WhyPeopleDon'tLikeUnfamiliarFoodB.TheBrainThatPlaysaRoleinOurEatingHabitC.TheFactorsThatAffectPeople'sEatingHabitD.TheReasonsWhyPeopleCanTellDifferencesinFood1.Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookformesheshouldrememberwholastborrowedit.A.eversinceB.ifonlyC.muchasD.eventhough2.Forhimtobereelectedintheelectionyear,whatisessentialisnotwhetherhispolicyworksbutwhetherthepublicbelievethatit.A.doesB.isC.do

54B.are1.Accordingtothecontract,ifthebuildingprojectbytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.A.beingcompletedB.iscompletedC.tobecompletedD.completed2.Accordingtotheeconomist,industrialmanagementthemostprominentbusinessmanagementinChinaforthepastfewdecades.A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.be3.Thesalespersonsaidtotheclient,"YournewproductsowellbutforalotofadvertisementsweputonthetelevisionandtheInternet."A.shouldnotsellB.hadnotsoldC.shouldnotbesoldD.wouldnothavebeensold4.ToliveinafamilynativelanguageisEnglishistheidealwaytofurtherimproveone'sEnglishandtogaininsightintoanewculture.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whose5.Accordingtothisunderstandingofloveandfamily,individualstrytogothroughaseriesofdifferentromanticrelationships,pursuing.A.asgreathappinessaspossibleB.asgreatashappinesspossibleC.asgreathappinessasispossibleD.asgreathappinessaspossibleis6.Jackdoesn'tknowwhattoaftertheuniversityashejustcannotmakeuphismind;besidesjobsarerareintheeconomicrecession.A.takeinB.takeoverC.takeafterD.takeup7.InevertrustedhimbecauseIalwaysthoughtofhimassuchacharacter,whichhadahiddenintensioninwhateverhedidorsaid.A.suspiciousB.conscious

55A.skepticalB.envious1.Ricky'sembarrassmentwhenhemethisteacherswas;hisearsturnedbrightredandhekeptlookingdownontheground.A.obviousB.acuteC.keenD.severe2.WhenImysensesaftertheearthquake,Ifoundmyselfwrappedupinbedinalittleroom,withmycolleaguesandfamilybendingoverme.A.tooktoB.wokeupC.cametoD.pickedup3.Itwasashocktomethatthechairmanoftheboardshouldmetodismissthegoodemployeesthefirmcannolongeraffordtoemploy.A.pressB.compelC.imposeD.pose4.Stellaheldhergroundagainstseveralattemptstoherassecretaryoftheclub,insistingthatnoonecouldhavedonethejobbetterthanher.A.transmitB.shiftC.removeD.cancel5.Itisthroughlearningandaccumulatedexperiencethattheindividualmanyappropriatewaysofreactingtodifferentsituations.A.acquiresB.retainsC.preservesD.achieves6.Theseareasrelyonagriculturealmost,havingfewmineralresourcesandaminimumofindustrialdevelopment.A.respectivelyB.separatelyC.extraordinarilyD.exclusively7.Thegoaloftheuniversityistomakehighereducationavailabletoeveryonewhoiswillingandcapablehisfinancialconditions.

56A.intermsofB.regardlessofC.withrespecttoD.inaccordancewith1.Roywastoopolitetolaughinanyone'sfacesohedidhisutmosttohislaughterathisfriend'sinappropriateremarks.A.suppressB.distressC.oppressD.impress2.Thereareoftenbitterquarrelsbetweenthetwo,butthehusbandandwifecanalwayseachother'sdemandstolivetogetherwithardentlove.A.reconcileB.adjustC.modifyD.varyTest9A.substituteB.combinec.composeD.compoundE.conservativelyF.casuallyG.veilH.extentI.foldedJ.wrinkledK.obtainableL.accessibleM.embarrassingN.disgusting0.erectSandra,acollegesenior,learnedapainfullessoninhowtodressforsuccessatarecentjobinterview.Sandrathoughtsheshouldbedressed(1)attheinterviewsoastomakeherappearmore(2).Onthedayofinterview,shewaswearingapairof(3)bell-bottomjeansandablackfur-collaredcoat.Thatwasa(n)(4)episodesinceeveryoneelseatthemeetingwaswearingformalsuits.Shetriedto(5)herembarrassmentasshewalkedin.Toshowherconfidence,shestood(6).Intheend,shedidnotgetthejoboffer.Whilejeansmaybefinetosome(7),suchasgoingtorestaurantsoraconcert,thereareatleastthreeoccasionsthatrequirepeopleto(8)asuitforjeans:weddings,funerals,andjobinterviews.Thismaycomeasasurprisetomanygraduates.Tohelppeoplenotto(9)theproblem,somecompaniesruncoursesthatteachpeoplewhattowearandhowtopresentthemselves.Dressing(10)showsthatyouareseriousaboutthemeetingandinterestedinthejob.Asuitgivestheimpressionthattheintervieweewillfollowcompanypoliciesandbeagoodteamplayer.

57WhyIsWhiskyStilla"Man'sDrink”？A)Whatareyoudoingthisweekend?Morepressingly,whatareyoudrinkingwhileyoudoit?Someofuscapitaldwellershaveanextraexcusethisweekendtoreallypushtheboatoutintermsofalcoholintake,forit*sthegrandcloseofLondonCocktailWeek.However,mypersonaltipplestillcontinuestoraiseeyebrows.Dearreader,Ihaveaconfessiontomake:Iamawhiskydrinker.AndIamawoman.B)Yes,itmaybe2013,butbelieveitornot,thispreferenceofmine,whichbeganwhileIwasstillatmymother'sknee,stillprovokesmuchreactionfrommenandwomen.IalsolikemywhiskyneatbutifIwanttoextendthedrinkingexperience,Iwilladdginger,unwillingly.C)Whisky,forme,hasthepowertoimmediatelysloweverythingdown.It'salsoanattention-seeker.Youcan*tignoreaslurp(叭嗒聲)ofit,astheheathitsyourstomachandforcesyoutotakestockofwhatyouaredrinking.Otherdrinksformeblendintothebackgroundofanexperience,whereaswhiskyistheexperience.Ilikeitforitsboldness-abitlikethewayIpreferboldfontsonapageorastrongpaintcolouronwalls.There'sjustnomessingaroundonceyoucrackopenagoodbottleofwhisky.Mostwomenpullaface,andexpresstheirshockthatIwanttodrinksomethingsostrongand"disgusting";whilemanymen,despitefindingmychoicealittlenovel,seemtofinditquitepleasinganddareIsayit,attractive.D)ThisisobviouslywhatthemarketingbodiesguessedatJohnnieWalker,youknowbygettingoneoftheworld'ssexiestwomen(IMHO),ChristinaHendricks,tobecomethefemaleambassadorfortheirbrand.E)AfewweeksagoIhadthepleasureofattendingthefinalpartyonboardtheimpressiveJohnWalkerandSonsVoyaqer,a187-footluxuryyachtwhichhasbeentravellingtheglobeforthelastyeargettingalotofpeopledrunkon,youguessedit,JohnnieWalker.ItsfinalportofcallwasEdinburghandonboardwasaseaofScotland'smostglamorousfolk,enjoyingalotofwhisky,straightup,ontherocksoraspartofaheadycocktail.Priortoyachting,IhadspentamostenjoyabledayandnightatthemajesticGleneanleswiththeJohnnieWalkercrew,attemptingshooting,golfingandlotsofeating.Ionlyexcelledatthelatter.YouseeIwasattemptingtohaveabitofstereotypically"man'sweekend".Aftermypoorshooting,Idefinitelyfoundcomfortatthebottomofaheavy-dutywhiskyglass,alongsidetwomalejournalists.Itjustfeelssonormaldrinkingwhiskeyalongsidemen,thatIbarelyregisterit.Andyetasthelateststatisticsshow,increasingnumbersofwomenarefinallybeingturnedontothedrinkwhichfuelledgenerationsofmale-onlyafterdinnerconversations.F)IntheUK29percentofwhiskydrinkersarenowwomenasElizabethFinn,thecategorydirectorofwhiskiesinWesternEuropefordrinksgiantDiageo,tellsme.ThefactthatnearlyathirdofallwhiskydrinkersintheUKarenowfemalecertainlysurprisedbothmeandFinn,whohadn'tbrokenoutthedatabygenderbefore.IamnotobviouslyasaloneasIoftenfeelwhenorderingmytumblerofgoodnessinaseaofwomendrinkingwineandmenneckingbeer.G)Worldwidethisfiguredropsslightlyto25percent-butthemessagestillholds:Theyarestilldrinks,inthiscasewhisky,farmorepopularwithmenthanwomen.Isitjustacaseofwomenplayingcatch-uptoaccountforyearsofenforcedsherrydrinking,whilesittingseparatelyfromthemen,surroundedbymilesofpetticoats(襯裙)？Well,apparentlytherearewidertrendsatplay."IntheUKwehaveawhitespiritsculture；'Finntellsme.MWedotypicallypreferwine,vodkaandgincomparedtodarkerspirits.*'Sowhiskyis

58alreadyonthebackfoot.ButFinndoesadmitthatthewhiskyculturestillhasadustymaleimage,whichisslowlystartingtochange.B)I'mnottoosurethisgambit(精心策劃的一幕)fromtheoh-so-sexyChristinaHendricks,uponpromotingherconnectiontoJohnnieWalker,isdoingmuchtoincreaseitsalluretowomen:MyhusbandenjoyswhiskyandIthoughtitwassexywhenheorderedit.There'sjustsomethingdifferentaboutwhisky,especiallyScotch-thecolour,thearoma,andit'sreallyalluring,rdtakesipsofhisandstartedtolikeit.It'ssomethingyoulingerover,butit'snotsomethingthatgetsrushed.M"JohnnieWalkerdiscoveredthatIlikeitwhenamanordersScotch.TheyaskedmeifIwantedtoknowmoreaboutwhatIfoundsoappealingaboutit,andtherestishistory."C)Anotherreasonforwhisky'smoreniche(針對特定客戶群的)appealisthatuntilrecently,peoplehaven'tseenitasadrinkyoucanmix.AndasFinntellsme,drinkershavemovedawayfromhavingspiritsstraightup.Theywantcocktails.ButIamparticularlyintrigued(激起興趣)byFinn'sobservationthatcertainwomenorderwhiskyasarealstatement.Hlfyougetthemarketingright,womenmaythinktostartorderingwhisky；forsomeit*sarealstatement.AsthetrendintheUKisforwhitespirits,it'ssomethingdifferent.It'salittlelikeifawomanordersapintofGuinness,there'snothingwrongwithit-butit'sstillastatement.'1D)Perhapsonedaytherewon'tbetypicallymaleandtypicallyfemaledrinks,butinthemeantimeIamtakingFinnuponheradvice.She*stoldmetoseekoutaStridingDandy,inhonourofLondonCocktailweek,atthepainfullycoolCalloohCallav.Containing40mlJohnnieWalkerblack,fivemlAvernaAmaro(anItalianliqueur),20mlMozartBlackchocolateliqueur,threedashesofrhubarbbittersandawholeegg,Ibetterhaveaneatwhiskyfirsttosetmeupgoodandproper.(1)Drinkingwhiskyafterdinnerisnotmen'sprivilegeanymorebecausemoreandmorewomenarebeginningtoenjoytakingitinaccordingtothenewestreport.(2)ThebigclosingceremonyoftheLondonCocktailWeekbecamesomeLondoners'excusetodrink.(3)Eventhoughmanywomendrinkwineandmenpreferbeer,theauthordoesn'tfeelaloneasusualwhenshechooseswhisky.(4)Nowadaysaquarterofthewhiskydrinkersintheworldarefemale.(5)Myfondnessfordrinkingwhiskysincechildhoodcansurprisebothmenandwomen.(6)Asopposedtowomen,mentendtofavormyhobbyofwhiskydrinkingandeventhinkitattractive.(7)Onereasonwhymanypeopledidnotdrinkwhiskybeforeisthatitisdifficulttocombineitwithotherdrinks.(8)Inadditiontoslowingthenerves,whiskyworkstodrawpeople'sattention.(9)Gender-distinguisheddrinksarelikelytodisappearinthefuture.(10)ElizabethFinntoldtheauthorthattheratioofmalewhiskydrinkerstofemaleisalmost3to1intheUK.

59Questions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Whydomostpeoplechoosetostaywiththeircurrentemployer?Theanswerusuallydependsontheirage,lifecircumstances,andpersonalmotivations.Arecentpollonourwebsiteaskedthesamequestion.Thetopreasonforstayingonthejobwasthenatureoftheworkandjobsatisfaction.Cominginaclosesecondwasflexiblescheduleandwork-lifebalance.Nextwasworkenvironmentandcorporateculture,followedbyadvancementopportunityandpersonalgrowth.Salaryandbenefitsweretheleastimportant.Isitunusualthatsalarycomesinlastonthislist?Notreally.Salaryandbenefitdonotusuallymakeitintothetopthreereasonsforjobsatisfactiononsuchsurveys.Mostpeopleknowtheycouldmakemoremoneyelsewhere,butit*snotenoughtogetthemtoleaveajobtheylike.Advancementdoesn'trankatthetopofthelist,either.That'sprobablybecausesomanypeoplethinkthatmovingupcanmakelifeonthejobmoreunpleasant.Theonlythingonegetsinreturnismoremoney.Sowhatcreatesjobsatisfaction?OnetypicalanswerisHlliketobechallenged.'*Peoplewhosaythisliketoworktowardgoals.Theylikenewchallengingassignmentssothattheycantesttheirskillsandcreativity.Anothertypicalansweris"IliketofeelI'mmakingacontribution.'*Manypeoplegetasenseofcommunitywhentheyareworkingwithagroupofco-workerstowardacommongoal.Itisveryimportantforthemtohaveclose,friendlyrelationshipswithco-workers,andtheythrivewhenotherspraisetheirworkandappreciatetheirefforts.Finally,therearethosewhosay"Igetsatisfactionfromajobwelldone,"Suchpeoplelovethetechnicalworktheydo;theyfeelproudoftheresultsoftheirefforts.Thesepeoplehavehighstandardsofqualityandworkbestwhentheyhavecontroloveraproject.Theythrivewhenothersknowabouttheworktheyhavedone.Ultimately,themainreasonpeopleworkistoearnmoney,butitisnotmoneythatgivesthemsatisfaction.Offeremployeessomethingmore,andyouarelikelytogetmorefromthem.1.What'sthebesttitleforthereading?A.ReasonsforStayingwiththeCurrentJobB.SurveyoftheWorkingSituationsC.AJobSurveyofEmployees'ThinkingD.HowEmployeesThinkaboutTheirJob2.Whatisthemostimportantreasonforpeopletokeeptheircurrentjob?A.Flexiblescheduleandwork-lifebalance.B.Thenatureoftheworkandjobsatisfaction.C.Workenvironmentandcorporateculture.D.Advancementopportunityandpersonalgrowth.3.Whyismakingmoremoneynotenoughtomakepeopleleaveajobtheylike?A.Theyliketheircurrentworkenvironment.B.Theyarenotsurewhethertheemployerwillbenicer.C.Theydon'tthinkmoneyisimportant.D.Theythinktheyprobablywon'tgetjobsatisfaction.

601.Whatarethemostimportantfactorstomakepeoplefeelhappyaboutajob?A.Meaningfulbutstress-freeB.FlexibleinlifeandworkC.ChallengingbutfeelcontributedD.Technicalandbeneficial2.Whafstheimplicationofthisreading?A.Moneyisultimatelywhatmakespeoplework.B.Highsalarycannotmakepeoplefeelhappyabouttheirjob.C.Onlywhenyoucontributetotheworkcanyouearnmoremoney.D.Jobsatisfactionwilleventuallybringyoujobsuccess.Questions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Everyoneisnervouswhentheygotoaninterviewforanewjob.But,beingwell-preparedfortheinterviewcanreallyreduceyourstresslevel.Probablythemostfrequentlyaskedquestioninanyjobinterviewis"Tellmeaboutyourself."Theinterviewer'spurposeinaskingthisquestionistogetinformationrelatedtoworkandjobopenings.Somepeoplemakethemistakeoftakingthisrequestliterallyandansweringbygivingtheirlifehistory.Infact,thebestpointstofocusonwhenansweringthisquestionarepastworkexperience,education,andsocialactivities.Ofthesethree,workexperiencecarriesalotmoreweight.Anotherverycommonquestionthatcomesupininterviewsis"Whydoyouwanttoworkforthiscompany?**Ifyoudon'thaveananswerreadyforthisquestion,youarelettingtheinterviewerknowthatyouhaven'tdonemuchresearchaboutthecompanyorthejobyouareinterviewingfor.Candidateswhocangivedetailedanswersabouttheperceivedbenefitsofworkingforaparticularcompanymakeamuchbetterimpressiononinterviewers.Twootherquestionsthatmanypeoplefinddifficultininterviewsare"Whatareyourstrengths?"and“Whatisyourbiggestweakness?"Peoplehaveahardtimeansweringthefirstquestionbecauseitfeelslikeboastinginsomeways.Butaninterviewhasnotimetobeshyormodest!Thesecondquestionposesaproblembecausetheanswerneedstobeaweaknessthatsoundslikeastrength.Agoodtiptokeepinmindistomentionhowyouaretryingtoimprove.Alongwithconsideringthesecommoninterviewquestions,itisalsohelpfultorememberthequestionsthatshouldnotbeaskedduringaninterview.Forinstance,questionsrelatedtofamily,health,orreligionaregenerallyofflimitsinaninterview.Ifyoudon'tfeelcomfortablegivingsuchpersonalinformation,thensimplydon't.Afinalsuggestionforpreparingforaninterviewistogointotheinterviewwithyourownquestionstoask.Byaskingtheinterviewerquestionaboutthecompany,youareshowinginterestandenthusiasmforthejob.3.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Actionstoavoidduringaninterview.B.Bodylanguagethatinterviewerswatchfor.C.Interestinginterviewexperiences.

61A.Typicalinterviewquestionsandresponses.1.Whenaskedtotellaboutyourself,whatshouldbeyourmainfocus?A.Yourfamily.B.Yourpastjobs.C.Yourhobbies.D.Kindsofworkyouenjoy.2.Whatresponseinthefollowingwillmostimpresstheinterviewer?A.I'lllearnmoreteamspiritfromthecompany.B.Thecompany'sphilosophyisinteresting.C.Iwouldliketofindoutmybenefitsaswell.D.Idon'tknowhowtoanswerthisquestion.3.Ifyou'rerequiredtotalkaboutyourweaknesses,howwouldyourespond?A.Trynottosaytoomuchweakness.B.Trytotalkaboutyourstrengthsinstead.C.Talkaboutyourweaknessbutsoundslikeastrength.D.Behumbleanddirectlytelltheinterviewer.4.Whyshouldyouprepareyourownquestionsbeforetheinterview?A.LettheinterviewknowyourstrongpointsB.HelptheinterviewerfeelrelaxedC.MaketheinterviewlastlongerD.SeementhusiasticaboutthecompanyQuestions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Bestknownasanauthoroffairytales,HansChristianAndersenwasalsoanactor,asinger,andanartist:Hewassogoodattheunusualcraftofpapercutting.Papercuttingwasnotawell-knowncraftinDenmarkduringthe1800s.Andersenusuallyusedwhiteorbrightlycoloredpaper.Heneverdrewoutlinefirstbutsimplymadequickcutswithadesignthatexistedonlyinhisimagination.Sometimesheusedaflatpieceofpaper.Othertimeshefoldedthepaper,madesomecuts,openedthepaper,andthenrefoldeditinadifferentwaybeforecuttingagain.Whenatlastheunfoldedthefinishedpapercutting,anelegantdesigncouldbeseen.Andersenhadmanyreasonsformakinghispapercuttings,butthemainonewastoentertain.Andersenlovedtotellhisamazingstoriestoanyonewhowouldlisten.Ashespoke,hewouldtakeouthisscissorsandcreatearemarkablepapercuttingtoillustratehiswords.Audiencesremainedfascinatedastheyawaitedtheendofthetaleandtheoutcomeofthemysteriouslychangingpieceofpaper.Books,especiallythoseotherthaninstructional,werenotverycommonatthetime.PeoplewhoenjoyedhearingastorypurelyforthesakeofentertainmentvaluedAndersen'suniqueskillasastorytellerandanartist.Andersenalsofoundthathispapercuttingshelpedbridgeacommunicationgapbetweenhimselfandothers.Althoughhe'sanawkwardandshyman,Andersenstilllovedanaudience.Hisstoriesandpapercuttingshelpedhimtocommunicatewhenhewouldhaveotherwisefeltuncomfortable.Helovedtotravelandalwaystookhisscissorsalong.Whenencounteringthosewhospokedifferentlanguages,Andersen

62foundhecouldalwaysmakeaconnectionbydemonstratinghisbeautifulpapercreations.Thepapercuttingsalsobecameuniquegiftsforfriendsandfamily.SometimesAndersenwouldpresentthecuttingstothechildrenofrelatives.Othertimestheyweregivenassymbolofappreciationtohostsandhostesses.Whenhiswritingbroughthimfame,thesegiftswereevenmorevalued.1.Whatdoesthefirstparagraphofthepassagewanttotell?A.Papercuttingwasnotawell-knowncraftduringthe1800s.B.Andersenusuallyusedwhiteorbrightlycoloredpaper.C.Andersen'spapercuttingwastheresultofhisinspiration.D.Andersenuseddifferentwaystomakepapercutting.2.WhichonebestdescribesAndersen*suniquewayofpapercutting?A.Hecouldkeepaudiencesfascinatedwhilecuttingpaper.B.Hewouldcreatearemarkablepapercuttingtoillustratehiswords.C.Helovedtotellhisamazingstoriestoanyonewhowouldlisten.D.Helovedtotravelandalwaystookhisscissorsalong.3.Basedonthereading,whichofthefollowingismostlikelytohappen?A.Andersen'spapercuttingswillbepreservedformanyyears.B.Themuseumwillreplacethepapercuttingswithotherobjects.C.InterestinAndersen'sbookswilldiminishbecauseofhispapercuttings.D.Andersen*spapercuttingswillbecomemoretreasuredthanhiswritings.4.Whatisthemainpurposeofthisreadingpassage?A.Toillustratetheimportanceofhavingavarietyofskills.B.Tocompareentertainmentofthepasttothatofthepresent.C.Toillustratehowapersonusedarttoovercomeshyness.D.Toexplorealesser-knowntalentofafamouswriter.5.Whichofthefollowingwouldmakethispassageeasiertounderstand?A.ApictureofoneofAndersen'spapercuttings.B.AnexcerptfromoneofAndersen'sfairytales.C.AquotefromsomeonewhoownsoneofAndersen'spapercuttings.D.AnexplanationofwhatinspiredAndersentowritefairytales.Questions16to20arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Whenpeoplewanttofindoutabouttheweather,theyusuallygototheirradios,TVs,newspapers,ortheInternet.However,youcanalsofindmanyweathersignsamongwildlifebecauseoftheirhighlydevelopedsenses.Dropsinairpressureaffectsmallmammals（哺乳動物）andinsectsinmanyways.Trylookinginornearthehouse.Micearegoodweatherindicators.Peoplewhospendalotoftimeoutdoorshaveobservedthatfieldmicecomeoutoftheirholesandrunaroundbeforeastorm.Deerleavethehighgroundandcomedownfromthemountainsbeforeastorm.Ifyouseethis,youcanbesurethattherewillbeastormwithintwodays.Whenyouseelargenumbersofseacrabsonasandybeach,itistimetoleave.Achangeinairpressureoverthewaterwarnsthecrabsthatastormiscoming.Toescapethestormyseapoundingtheshore,theyleavethewaterandseekshelteronland.Birdsareespeciallygoodweatherindicatorsbecausetheyalsoshowtheeffectofapressuredropinmany

63ways.Forexample,somebirdsbecomeeasilyannoyedandwillfightoverapieceofbread.Otherbirdssingjustbeforeastorm.Itseemstheyknowtheywon*tgetanotherchanceforanhourortwo.Birdsalsoseekshelterbeforeastorm.Youwillsometimesseebirdsrestingintreesorstayingcloselytogetheronawirenearabuilding.Thisisagoodstormsignal.Seabirdssitoutastormonland.Anytimeyouseeseagullssittingonthegroundinlargegroups,reluctanttofly,itisnotaverygooddaytogosailing.Itisunusualtoseelargegroupsofbirdsflyingoverheadinthesummertime.Watchforotherweathersignsifyouseethis.Youshouldalsostayalertifyouseemigratingbirdsflyinginthewrongdirection.Thesebirdsmaybeflyingaheadofastorm.Andifyoucan'tseeabirdanywhere,lookout!Theymayhaveflowntoadifferentplacebecauseaviolentstormiscomingintheirdirection.1.What'sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howtopaycloseattentiontoimportantcluesinnature.B.Howtobecomepreparedforanykindofweather.C.Howtopredictweatherchangesbywildlife.D.Whattodowhenweseetheweathersigns.2.Whenastormissurelycomingintwodays,.A.somebirdsbecomeeasilyannoyedandfightwitheachotherB.deerleavethehighgroundandcomedownfromthemountainsC.largenumberofseacrabsmoveonasandybeachD.fieldmicecomeoutoftheirholesandrunaround3.Whatwildlifeindicatesparticularlywellthatastormiscoming?A.Seagulls.8.Seacrabs.C.Fieldmice.D.Birds.4.Howcanyouknowifsnotagooddaytogosailing?A.Migratingbirdsareflyinginthewrongdirection.B.Youcan*tseeabirdanywhere.C.Seagullsaresittingonthegroundinlargegroups.D.Birdsareflyingoverheadinthesummertime.5.Whatdoesthewanttosay?A.Wildlifeisagoodhelpertopredicttheweather.B.Wildlifeismoreefficientinpredictingtheweather.C.Peopleneedtofindoutabouttheweatherchange.D.Getpreparedbeforeaviolentstormiscoming.1.Manyofusvisitedtheindustrialexhibition,toourdisappointment,wesawveryfewhigh-techproductsofattraction.A.asB.thatC.where

64A.which1.Basedonwhatheperformed,wewouldnotthinkofthiswriterasaradicalpoliticianofreform,aleaderofarevolution.A.muchlessB.morelessC.lessmuchD.stillmuch2.Itseemedoilfromthispipeforsometime.We'llhavetotakethemachineapartfirstbeforedoinganyrepairtothepipe.A.isleakingB.hadleakedC.leakedD.hasbeenleaking3.IfIhadn'tstoodundertheladdertocatchyouwhenyoufell,youandtalkingwithusenthusiasticallynow.A.werenotsmilingB.wouldn'tbesmilingC.arenotsmilingD.wouldn*thavebeensmiling4.It'stimethatwefirmmeasurestoprotectourenvironmentandsavethesewildanimalsfromdyingoutfromtheearth.A.havetakenB.aretakingC.tookD.willtake5.Believeitornot,whenfirsttoEurope,tomatowasthoughttobepoisonousandnooneeverthoughtofitsvalueaswehaverealizedtoday.A.introducedB.introducingC.tointroduceD.tobeintroduced6.Robotsdifferfromautomaticmachinesaftercompletionofonespecifictask,theycanbereprogrammedbyacomputertodoanotherone.A.sincethatB.sothatC.inthatD.atthat7.EventhoughtheRedCrosshadalargesumforthereliefofthesufferersintheflood-strickenarea,manypeoplediedofcoldandhunger.A.indicatedB.assigned

65A.designatedB.appointed1.Individualsportsarerunbyovermorethan300independentbodieswhosefunctionsusuallyincluderules,holdingevents,andpromotinginternationallinks.A.drawingonB.drawinginC.drawingdownD.drawingup2.Ifyougototheparkeverydayinthemorning,youwillfindhimdoingphysicalexerciseswhetherrainorshine.A.invariablyB.invaluablyC.ordinarilyD.determinedly3.Studentsareadvisedtounderstandthedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthetwowords"surroundings"and"environments".A.gentleB.delicateC.refinedD.subtle4.Thegeneralmanager'sdirectionsconfusedalltheemployees;theydidnotknowwhichofthechoiceswasmoreappropriateforthemtotake.A.looseB.insecureC.vagueD.arbitrary5.Professorsaresurethatthetalentedstudentcananydifficultiesthatmaystandinthewayofhisfinalsuccessinhispursuit.A.overcomeB.manageC.overtakeD.outcome6.Thecourtcalledseveralwitnesseswhowereabletoclarifytherealcausesoftheterriblecaraccidentthathappenedonthefreewaylastmonth.A.respectfulB.respectingC.respectiveD.respectable7.Icaughtaofthecarbeforeitdisappearedaroundthecornerofthestreet,butIcannottellforsurewhetheritisthecaryouarelookingfor.A.glance

66A.glimpseB.glareC.gleam1.Accordingtothereport,somewell-knownscientistsbelievethatthereisnotenoughoxygenonMarstohumanlife.A.sustainB.retainC.remainD.entertain2.Thecollegeistoaprogramtoprovideeverypossiblekindofsupporttopromotestudents'creativepotential.A.generateB.openC.initiateD.instruct3.Ibelieveengaginginpaidworkisacceptabletheconditionsaresafe,thehoursarereasonable,andthewagesarefair.A.afterB.ifC.atthatD.evenifTest10A.consentB.consumec.arrestD.consumerE.objectivesF.alternativesG.optionalH.proportionalI.uncountedJ.proceduresK.programL.moralM.availableN.applicable0.mistakenRightnow,millionsofanimalsarelockedinsidecoldcagesinlaboratories.Whattheycandoisjusttositandwaitinfearoftheterrifyingandpainful(1)thatwillbeperformedonthem.Morethan100millionanimalseveryyearsufferanddieinchemicalordrugtestsandmedicalexperiments.Exactnumbersaren't(2)becausemice,rats,birdsarenotcoveredbytheprotectionsoftheAnimalWelfareActand,therefore,go(3).Infoodtests,biologylessons,medicaltrainingexercises,thescientistswithout(4)compassmakeuseofahugenumberofanimals.Totesthouseholdcleanersandother(5)products,hundredsofthousandsofanimalsarepoisoned,blinded,andkilledeveryyear.Manyofthesetestsoftenproduceinaccurateor(6)results.Thefederalgovernmentandmanyhealthcharitiesseemto(7)tothewasteofpreciousdollarsoncruelandmisleadinganimalexperimentsinsteadofspendingthemon(8)clinicalstudiesthatareactuallyrelevanttohumans.Millionsofanimals

67alsosufferanddieforclassroombiologyexperiments,eventhoughmodern(9)haverepeatedlyshownthattheyteachstudentsbetter,saveteachers,timeandsaveschools'money.Eachofuscanhelptosaveanimalsfromsufferinganddeathinexperimentsbydemandingthatouruniversities(10)experimentingonanimals,bybuyingcruelty-freeproducts,bydonatingonlytocharitiesthatdon,texperimentonanimals,andbyrequestingsubstitutesforanimalexperiments.

68A）Ifyouexpectequalpayforequalwork,you'renottheonlyspeciestohaveasenseoffairplay.Blameevolution.Researchersstudyingbrowncapuchinmonkeys（僧帽猴）havefoundthatthehighlysocial,cooperativespeciesnativetoSouthAmericashowasenseoffairness,thefirsttimesuchbehaviorhasbeendocumentedinaspeciesotherthanhumans.Thequestionofwhetherhumanaversion（厭惡）tounfairtreatment-nowshownbyotherprimates（靈長類動物）-isanevolvedbehaviorortheresultoftheculturalinfluenceoflargesocialinstitutionslikereligions,governments,andschools,inthecaseofhumans,hasintriguedscientistsinrecentyears.B）Thenewfindingsuggestsevolutionmayhavesomethingtodowithit.Italsohighlightsquestionsabouttheeconomicandevolutionarynatureofcooperationanditsrelationshiptoaspecies'senseoffairness,whileaddingyetanotherchaptertoourunderstandingofprimates.nltlookslikethisbehaviorisevolved...itisnotsimplyaculturalconstruct.There'ssomegoodevolutionaryreasonwhywedon'tlikebeingtreatedunfairly；1saidSarahBrosnan,leadauthorofthestudytobepublishedintomorrow'sissueofthesciencejournalNature.Brosnan,abiologyPh.D.candidateschooledinzoologyandpsychologyattheYerkesNationalPrimateResearchCenterandLivingLinksCenteratEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,saidherresearchwasinspired,inpart,bystudiesintohumancooperationconductedbySwisseconomistErnstFehr,whofoundthatpeopleinherentlyrejectunfairness.C）Totestwhetherornotsuchbehaviorisfoundinotherspecies,Brosnandesignedanexperimentforbrowncapuchinmonkeys,aspecieswell-knownforstrongsocialbondsandrelativelycooperativebehavior,particularlyinsharedfood-gatheringactivitieslikehuntingsquirrelsandlocatingfruittrees.Individualsweredrawnfromtwolarge,well-establishedsocialgroupsofcaptivebrowncapuchinsfromcoloniesattheYerkesNationalPrimateResearchCenterandpairedwithapartner.Pairswereplacednexttoeachotherandtrainedtoexchangewithhumanhandlersasmallgraniterockwithin60secondstoreceiveareward,inmostcases,apieceofcucumber."Thatmayactuallysoundsimple,butnotverymanyspeciesarewillingtorelinquish（放棄）things,especiallyintentionally,"Brosnansaidinatelephoneinterview."Onlyfemalecapuchinsweretestedbecausetheymostcloselymonitorequity,orfairtreatment,amongtheirpeers'1,Brosnansaid.D）Partnersofcapuchinswhomadetheswap（交換）eitherreceivedthesamereward（acucumberslice）,orabetterreward（agrape,amoredesirablefood）,forthesameamountofworkor,insomecases,forperformingnoworkatall.Brosnansaidtheresponsetotheunequaltreatmentwasastonishing:Capuchinswhowitnessedunfairtreatmentandfailedtobenefitfromitoftenrefusedtoconductfutureexchangeswithhumanresearchers,wouldnoteatthecucumberstheyreceivedfortheirlabors,andinsomecases,hurledfoodrewardsathumanresearchers.Thoseactionsweresignificant.Theyconfirmedthatnotonlydidcapuchinsexpectfairtreatment,butthatthehumandesireforequityhasanevolutionarybasis.E）SusanPerry,aprimateexpertattheMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropologyinLeipzig,Germany,studiesthebehaviorofcebuscapucinus,acapuchinspeciescloselyrelatedtobrowncapuchinmonkeys,inthewild.Basedonherreviewofabriefsummary,PerrydescribedBrosnan'sresearchasa"fascinatingpaper".Mltisnotsosurprisingtomethatthemonkeysactinthisway*',Perrywroteviae-mail."Afterall,humansoftenrespondinanapparentlyirrationalway...acceptingnorewardforboththemandtheirpartnersratherthanacceptingunequalrewards...intheultimatumgame,"shewrote,referringtotheclassiclaboratorytestofinequityaversion.

69F）Thestudyisthelatestinaseriesoffindingsonhumanandprimatebehavior,culture,andevolutionthathasspurrednewfieldsofinquiry.Inrecentyears,researchershaveidentifiedanarrayofuniquebehaviorsfoundamongdistinctgroupsofprimatespecies,includingchimpanzees,orangutans,andcapuchinmonkeys,andassociatedthemwithculture.Scientistshavesoughttoexplainthesocial-learningprocessesbywhichsuchbehaviorisacquiredbyindividualmembers.In2001AndrewWhitenatSt.AndrewsUniversity,Scotland,togetherwithJaneGoodallandotherresearchersanalyzedfivedecadesofdataonchimpanzeesandidentified39distinctbehaviorstiedtomating,eating,grooming（梳理），andtooluse,concludingthatchimpshaveculture.G）Researchersareturningtheirgazetootherprimatespecies.Teoplearelookingattheseso-calledculturalbehaviors,whicharebehavioralvariantsbetweentwodifferentgroupsofthesamespeciesthatcan'tbeexplainedbytheirecology,"saidBrosnan."Inotherwords,howcomesomechimpanzeescracknutsandsomeothersdon't,eventhoughbothofthemhavenutsavailablethatcouldbecracked?"H）"Sociallearningisbelievedtobethemechanismbywhichculturesevolve,"saidBrosnan,whonotesthattheabilitytolearnsociallyandaspecies'senseoffairnessmustbelinked,inherview,sincebothrequireindividualsinasocialgrouptocloselyobserveandmonitorthebehavioroftheirpeers.Brosnan*sresearchstrengthensthetiebetweenaversiontounfairtreatmentandcooperationinspecies.However,scientistshaveyettoteaseananswerfromthechicken-and-eggdilemmaofwhichcamefirst,cooperationorasenseoffairness?HWedon*tknowwhetherindividualsbecomecooperativeandthenlearntonotlikebeingtreatedunfairly,ortheotherwayaround/'saidBrosnan."Butthatopensupawholenewresearchfield."Herstudyandotherresearchleadsscientiststoponderjustwhycooperationevolvedandwhatbenefitsitbestowed（贈予）tospecies.I）Thefindingaddsnewinformationtothedebateaboutwhyspeciescooperateandtheeconomicdecision-makingprocessbehindsuchbehavior.nNoonereallyseemstoknowwhyindividualsshouldcooperate,"saidBrosnan.Someeconomistsandscientistshavearguedthatcooperationisnotarational,orlogical,behaviorforspeciesindividualssinceenergyorotherresourcesmustbeexpendedintheeffort-withnodirectbenefittothecooperativeindividual.ButFehr,theSwisseconomistfromtheUniversityofZurichpresentlybasedattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyinCambridge,amongothers,rejectssuchthinking.Hearguesthatlogicappliesnotjusttotheendsbuttothemeansduringeconomicdecision-making."Thereisnothingirrationalinbeingaltruistic（利他的）Jhesaidinatelephoneinterview.Brosnanechoessimilarnotions."Peopleoftenforgo（放棄）anavailablerewardbecauseitisnotwhattheyexpectorthinkisfair/'shesaidinapressstatement."Ourfindingsinnonhumanprimatesindicatetheemotionalsenseoffairnessplaysakeyroleinsuchdecision-making."Fehr,whohaspublishedkeyresearchontheeconomicsofhumanequity,cooperation,andaltruismsince1999,observed:"Thenewfindingthatevenmonkeysrejectunequalpayisveryimportant,Ithink,becauseitsuggeststhatthisisaverydeeplyrootedbehaviorthatweobserveamonghumans."(1)Capuchinswouldfeelunfairiftheyweregivendifferentrewardsforthesameamountofwork.(2)Animals'senseoffairnesshassomethingtodowithsociallearningbecauseanimalscanlearnbyobservinghowotherpartnersbehave.(3)Thoughanimalscooperatewitheachother,itdoesnotmeantheydoitwithreason.

70(1)Asafindingshows,species*senseoffairnessandcooperationmaybenaturallyevolved,notculturallybuilt.(2)Anexpertfindsitnowonderthatmonkeysbehavelikehumanswhowouldrathernotacceptanyrewardatallthanbeingpaidunequally.(3)Itisstillaquestionwhetherasenseoffairnessappearsbeforecooperationorcooperationappearsbeforeasenseoffairness.(4)Thespeciesofbrowncapuchinmonkeysshowthecharacteristicofcollectivismandtheywouldcooperatetofindfood.(5)Aresearchbasedon50yearsofdataindicatesthatchimps'dailybehaviorsdemonstratethatchimpshavedevelopedtheirownculture.(6)Scientistsstilldon'tknowwhetheritisculturethataffectspeople'ssenseoffairnessornot.(7)Thereasonwhythehumandemandequalitycanbeexplainedbytheactionofcapuchinstoexpectfairnessfromanevolutionaryperspective.Questions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Wheredidweloseoursympathyforlivingcreatures?Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatdisplayinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments-mostlyforentertainmentpurposes-isfairanddecent?Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain"collections”ofinteresting"items"ratherthanprotectivenaturallivingenvironments.Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsincages-bored,crowded,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.Zoosclaimtoeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies,butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals'naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Mostzooenclosuresorcagesarequitesmall,andmostlabelsonlymentionthespecies*name,diet,andnaturalmountains.Theanimals'normalbehaviorisseldomobservedbecausezoosrarelytakecareoftheanimals'naturalneeds.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalstimulationorphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinabnormalandself-destructivebehavior.AworldwidestudyofzoosconductedbytheBornFreeFoundationrevealedthatthiskindofbehavioriscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyfoundthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimeengaginginabnormalbehaviors,suchasrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofdistress.Furthermore,mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Captivebreedingofendangeredtigers,Asianelephants,andotherspecieshasnotresultedintheirreleasetothewild.Zooofficialstalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesbecomingextinctornolongerexist.Infact,babyanimalsalsoattractalotofpayingcustomers.Howmanycontestshaveweseento

71namebabyanimals?Alot!Ultimately,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirnaturallivingenvironmentandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktopreserveanimals'naturallivingplace.1.Whatisthecueyoucantakefromtheauthor?A.Zoosarefullofendangeredanimals.B.Mostzoosignoremoralissues.C.Thereareoftentragediesoccurringinzoos.D.Zoosshowpeoplehowanimalcansurviveinsmallcages.2.Whatistrueaccordingtothereading?A.Zoosshowtheworldthathumansandanimalscanlivetogether.B.Zoosareresponsibleforprotectingtheconditionsinwhichtheanimalslive.C.Animalsthatliveandperforminthezoosarenottakenfromthewild.D.Wildanimalsarekeptincrowded,artificiallivingconditions.3.Whydosomeanimalsbehavestrangelyandabnormally?A.Animalintelligenceisgreaterthanweassumed.B.Theyliveinasettingthatstimulatestheirmentalexcitement.C.Nothingtheanimalsdointhezoosisdangerousandexciting.D.Theyhavenoopportunityformentalstimulationorphysicalexercise.4.Accordingtozooofficials,theydocaptivebreedingto.A.preventendangeredanimalsfrombeingextinct.B.reducepeople'sworriesabouttheirpersonalsafety.C.remindpeopleoftheirsympathyforextinctanimals.D.attractalotofpayingcustomerstotheanimalshows.5.Whatistheauthor'spurposeforwritingthisarticle?A.Toappealtoputanendtothekillingofanimals.B.Tocriticizezooofficials*irresponsibilityandimmorality.C.Tourgezoostoreleaseanimalstotheirwildnaturalhome.D.Tosupportthegroupsworkingonanimalenvironments.Questions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.ItseemsthateversincefashionmodelsinJapanstartedrevealingtheirlovefortheirdogsinmagazinesandontelevision,themeaningof"man'sbestfriend"hastakenanewturn.Dogshavealmostbecomeamustforyoungpeopletryingtoleadatrendylife.Onewomen'smagazineevenwroteinarecentissuefeaturingdogaccessories（飾物）:Thecutecombinationofacollarandasilvernecklaceissomethingwemustimitate!Doglovershavelongconsideredtheirdogsasequals,butrecenttrendsshowthat,attimes,dogsaremoreequalthanhumans.Raincoatsandsweatersfordogs,pethotels,andcolorfulcollarsarenothingnew.ButthenotablefeatureamongdogsinJapanisthebrandfashion.ThereareBurberry'sdogskirtsandscarvesandKateSpade'sdogcarriers,andGucci'sflyingplatesfordogshaveprovensopopularthattheyarenow

72outofstock.Wehavemoreincommonwithourbestfriendsthanjustluxurygoods,though.Manypeopletaketheirdogs'mentalandphysicalwell-beingseriously,andmanufacturershavebeenreadytomeetthisnewdemand.Therearealsosoapsandshampoosfordogs.Classesofferedbycommunitycentersthatteachownershowtocookandknit（編織）fortheirdogsalsohavebeengainingattentionrecently.Toymanufacturerswillmarketadevicethatrecognizes,analyzes,andcategorizesdog'svoiceaccordingto"levelsofemotion."Consistingofatinymicrophonethathangsaroundtheneckoftheanimalandadisplaythatcanbemonitored,thedeviceallowsownerstoidentifyhowtheirdogisfeelingfromaselectionofsixdifferentemotions.Attitudestowarddogshavedefinitelychangedinthepastdecadeorso.Biscuitsandcakesfromthebakeryareallmadefromvegetable-basedingredients,andarefreeofsalt,sugar,andchemicalsubstances.Tohelpmeettheneedsofpeople,anincreasingnumberofcafesandrestaurantshavebeenallowingdogstowalkintotheirplaces.Peopleusedtothinkthatdogsshouldbekeptoutside,buttodaymanylookatthemaspartoftheirfamilies,orevenpartners.1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatthemeaningof"man'sbestfriend"hastakenanewturn?A.Dogsarebecomingmoreexpensivetoday.B.Dogsarenolongerman'sbestfriendasbefore.C.Manhaslosttheirbestfriendinthetrendylife.D.Dogscannowleadpeople'sfashioninmodernlife.2.Whydoestheauthorsay"dogsaremoreequalthanhumans"?A.Dogloversdon'tgetasmuchasdogs.B.Dogsenjoyamoreluxurylifethanman.C.Peoplespentmuchmoneyontheirdogs.D.Youngpeoplelovedogsmorethanhuman.3.Whichofthefollowingillustratespeople'smostconcern?A.Demandsfordogs'soapsandshampoos.B.Dogs'mentalandphysicalwell-being.C.Atoydevicethatcantelldogs'emotions.D.Biscuitsandcakesexclusivelyfordogs.4.Whatdoesthelastparagraphwanttotellus?A.Dogfoodhasbecomehealthier.B.Peopleconsiderdogaspartoftheirfamily.C.People'sattitudestowardsdogshavechanged.D.Restaurantswelcomedogstoboosttheirbusiness.5.Whatisthemainideaofthereading?A.Dogsarebecomingmorepopularinmodernlife.B.Peoplestillneeddogsintheirdailylife.C.Dogscangetalongverywellwithpeople.D.Dogsaremorefashionablethanman.

73Questions11to15arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Itseemsthatthereisnomiddlegroundwhenitcomestocats.Peopleeitherlovethemorhatethem.Thesefeelingsarenotnew,either.Allthroughhistory,catshavebeenworshipedorhated.Astudyofancientwritingsandevidencefoundintombsindicatesthatforthepast5,000years,catshavebeenkeptaspetsinChina,Arabia,Egypt,andIndia.However,thisisn'tverylongcomparedtodogs,whichhavebeendomesticatedfor50,000years.Still,whiletheperiodinwhichcatshavebeendomesticatedmaybequiteshort,ithasdefinitelyhaditshighandlowpoints.CatswereattheirhighestpositionofdomesticatedlifeinancientEgypt.ThereweremorecatslivinginEgyptinancienttimesthaninanyotherplaceintheworld.Thishighnumberofcatswasprobablyduetothelawsprotectingthem.Catswereassociatedwiththemoongoddess,Bast,sotheEgyptiansworshipedthemasholyanimals.Ifanyonewascaughtkillingacat,thepersoncouldbeputtodeath.FamiliesinEgyptalsogrievedforthedeathofacatandhadthebodyofthedeadcatwrappedinclothbeforeitwasfinallylaidtorest.Forawhile,peopleinsomeplacesusedtoburylivecatsundernewbuildingsforgoodluck.Aswell,manypeopletodaycontinuetobelievethatblackcatsbringbadluck.Ifablackcatwalksinfrontofaperson,thatpersonmusttakeextracareinthenearfuturetowatchoutfordangeroussituations.Regardlessofsuperstition（迷信），catsremainapopularpettoday.AthirdofhomesintheUnitedStateshavecats,andoneoutofeverythreeofthesehomeskeepsbothadogandacat.Especiallyinlargecities,manypeopleinsmallapartmentshavefoundthatcatsmakemuchbetterpetsthandogs.Catsmaynotbeworshipedasgodanymore,buttherearepeoplewhoseemtothinkoftheircatsastheirchildren.Thesecatownerswilldoalmostanythingtokeeptheirpetshealthyandhappy.11.Thefirstparagraphdescribesthetheoriesofhowcats.A.becometheenemyofdogsB.canbelikedorhatedC.cannotbetrainedorbehavedD.canbeusedtoprotectpeople12.Thesecondparagraphtalksabout.A.howBastbecameagoddessB.thelowpointinthehistoryofcatsC.thehighpointinthehistoryofcatsD.thereasonwhycatsaresuchgoodhunters.13.Whatdopeoplestillbelievetoday?A.Catsareassociatedwiththemoongoddess.B.Buryinglivecatsundernewbuildingscangetgoodluck.C.Worshipingandwrappingadeadcatbringpeopleluck.D.Blackcatscanbringpeoplebadluck.14.Accordingtothepassage,howmanypeopleintheU.S.keepsbothcatandadog?A.About10percent.B.Nearly25percent.C.About33percent.

74A.Closeto50percent.12.Whatisthebesttopicforthepassage?A.TheStatusofCatsthroughoutHistoryB.TheEvolutionofDifferentSpeciesofCatsC.ThePopularityofCatsTodayD.CommunicationbetweenCatsAndTheirOwnersQuestions16to20arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Asananimaldoctorandsomeonewhohasspentthreedecadesonbiomedicalresearch,Iknowthatanimalresearchsaveslives.Iamconcernedaboutdeceptiveclaimsfromanimarightsactivistsabouttheneedforanimalresearch.Asweknow,animalstudiescontinuetobenecessaryforadvancinghumanandanimalhealthandhaveplayedavitalroleineverymajormedicaladvance.Thisincludeslifesavingdrugs,vaccines（疫苗），newsurgicalprocedures,andimproveddiagnosisofdisease.Animalactiviststrytodeceivepeopleandcountonsociety'sgenerallackofscientificinsighttoadvancetheiragenda.Theseactivistsmisrepresenttheabilityofcomputersandemergingscientifictechniquestoserveassubstitutesforanimalstudies.Governmentregulationsaroundtheworldrequirethatnewdrugs,vaccines,andsurgicalimplantsfirstbetestedinanimalsforpotentialreactionstopoisonoussubstances.Beyondtheseformallegalrequirements,researchintotherootcausesofdiseaseandhowdiseasesbecomeresistanttocurrenttreatmentscannotbesimulatedbycomputerprogramsorimitatedintesttubes.Althoughpresent-daytechnologycannotyetreplacemanytypesofanimalresearch,theresearchcommunityiscommittedtofindingnewwaystoreduceandreplaceanimaltesting.Animalstudiesaretime-consumingandresource-intensive.Ifmeaningfulalternativesexist,companiescansavehundredsofmillionsofdollarsinfacilitiesandpersonnelcosts.Concernaboutanimalwelfarecantakeverydifferentforms.Somepeopleareoffendedbytheuseofleatherandfurasfashionbutacceptthatmedicalresearchmustunavoidablyuseanimalsuntilalternativesarefound.Somegroupsarguepersuasivelyagainstintensivefarmingpracticesbut,again,recognizetheneedforanimalsinmedicalresearch.Myadviceisthatpeoplecarefullyconsidernotjustwhetherornotagroupsharestheirbeliefs,butwhetherornottheybehavemorally.Thestrategiesusedbyopponentshaveincludedfalseclaimsaboutalternativestoanimaltestingandmisinformationaimedatprovokingcommunityconcernsaboutpotentialdisasters.Fortunately,veryfewpeoplesupportsuchextremeviews.SurveysshowthatmostAmericanssupporttheneedforanimalstudiesaimedatmedicaladvances.Thereisagreementononekeyissue:Wealllookforwardtoadaywhenmankind'swisdomprovidesawaytocompletelyeliminatetheneedforanimalstudies.13.Whyistheauthorconcernedaboutclaimsfromanimalrightsactivists?A.Theclaimswillarrestthedevelopmentofanimalresearch.B.Theclaimswillmakethepublicbelievesomethinguntrue.C.Medicaladvancementwillslowdown.D.Animalrightsactivistswillplayanimportantrole.14.Whatdoanimalrightsactivistssaywrongaboutanimalresearch?A.Governmentregulationsaroundtheworld.B.Theadvancesofnewdrugs,vaccinesandsurgicalimplants.C.Thecausesofdiseaseanditsresistancetothecurrenttreatment.

75A.Theabilityofcomputersandemergingscientifictechniques.12.Whatistheanimalresearchcommunitytryingtodo?A.Findnewwaystoreduceandreplaceanimaltesting.B.Furthercommitthemselvestoanimalresearch.C.Criticizeanimalrightsactivists'deceptiveclaims.D.Helpcompaniestosavealotofmoneyandcosts.13.Differentformsoftheconcernaboutanimalwelfaretellus.A.fewerpeopleareinterestedinanimalresearchB.fewerpeoplecareaboutanimalrightstoliveC.morepeoplesupportanimalresearchD.morepeopleareagainstintensivefarmingpractices14.Basedonthereading,wecanseetheauthoris.A.ananimalrightactivistB.someonewhocaresaboutanimalsC.arguingforanimalstudiesD.arguingforalternativestoanimaltesting1.Theclimatewastwoharvestswerepossibleeachyear:oneinwinterfedbytherainsandoneinsummerfedbytheirrigationfromthecanal.A.sothatB.nowthatC.sincethatD.suchthat2.Amajor-partycandidatehasthecriticaladvantageinthecampaignforthepresidentialelectionithasthesupportfromthefaithfulparty.A.inwhichB.inwhatC.inthatD.fromwhich3.Whenyou'reonacruise,youcanstretchyourlegsonthespaciousdecks,playgames,swim,andenjoygoodfood-alwaysthattheseaiscalm.A.assumingB.beingassumedC.toassumeD.tobeassumed4.Idon'tthinkitadvisablethatTimassignedtothischallengingjobsincehehasnosuchworkingexperienceatall.A.w川beB.beC.hasbeen

76A.is1.Anintellectualbreakthrough,,doesnotautomaticallyensurethatthetheorycanbesmoothlyandwellappliedtopractice.A.thoughbrilliantmayitbeB.asitmaybebrilliantC.brilliantitmaybethoughD.brilliantasitmaybe2.Anentiretownhasbeenthoroughlyrestoredtothewayitwasseveralhundredyearsagotorepresentlifeitusedtobeinthecolonialtimes.A.untilB.thoughC.asD.when3.Theatmosphereatthecollegeisthatofanadultenvironmentarelationshipofmutualrespectisencouragedbetweenstudentsandprofessors.A.bywhichB.inwhereC.thatD.where4.Ifirmlybelievethatpeoplecanactuallydoanyjobthattheygettherightqualificationsforitandworkhardatit.A.lestB.grantedC.providedD.despite5.Ifonlythecommitteetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible,canstudentsseriouslyfollow.A.approveB.approvesC.willapproveD.wouldapprove6.HistorianshavealwaysthoughtthatJefferson'sdeathontheFourthofJulywasaremarkable,butitnowseemsquitepossible.A.occasionB.incidenceC.coincidenceD.accidence7.Inthisfactorythemachinesarenotregulatedbutarejointlycontrolledbyacentralcomputersystemwhichworksveryefficiently.A.independently

77A.individuallyB.irrespectivelyC.irregularly1.Bythelastquarterofthefootballgame,thefanswerealmosttolosing,buttwounexpectedtouchdownsgrabbedvictory.A.resignedB.restrainedC.resumedD.retired2.Withouttelephone,itwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctionsofeverybusinessoperationinthewholecountry.A.preferablyB.practicallyC.preciselyD.presumably3.Itisannouncedthatawallethasbeenfoundandcanbeatthemanager'sofficeifthepersoncanshowproperIDandtellwhatisinsidethewallet.A.declaredB.obtainedC.reclaimedD.recognized4.Astronautsshouldbeverystronginhealth,sotheyareallkindsoftestsbeforetheyarefinallysentupinaspacecraft.A.subjecttoB.pronetoC.objectedtoD.boundto5.Asmostofthestudentsareaware,physicaleducationisa(n)partofourcurriculum;asoundmindandasoundbodyareimportant.A.comprehensibleB.intactC.fractionalD.integral6.Don'tletsuchamatterasthiscomebetweenussothatwecanconcentrateonthemajorissueandworktogethertoachieveourgoals.A.trivialB.slightC.partialD.minimum7.WhenyoutrytodefineanewwordinEnglish,be;theshorterthedefinition,theeasieritistoremember.A.credible

78A.relevantB.preciseC.concise