2021-2023年高考英語真題分項(xiàng)解讀及變式匯編22 閱讀理解D篇真題變式題（解析版）.docx

《2021-2023年高考英語真題分項(xiàng)解讀及變式匯編22 閱讀理解D篇真題變式題（解析版）.docx》由會(huì)員上傳分享，免費(fèi)在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容在教育資源-天天文庫。

2023年高考真題變式題分類匯編專題22閱讀理解D篇真題變式題（新高考卷）【2023年高考真題】OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.1．Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2．Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A．thecrowdswererelativelysmallB．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotcommunicateD．estimateswerenotfullyindependent學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 2023年高考真題變式題分類匯編專題22閱讀理解D篇真題變式題（新高考卷）【2023年高考真題】OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.1．Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation.B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2．Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A．thecrowdswererelativelysmallB．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotcommunicateD．estimateswerenotfullyindependent學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 3．Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A．Thesizeofthegroups.B．Thedominantmembers.C．Thediscussionprocess.D．Theindividualestimates.4．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A．Unclear.B．Dismissive.C．Doubtful.D．Approving.【答案】1．B2．D3．C4．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。沒有人是一座孤島，文章陳述了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，在某些情況下大量獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均值可能是相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的。1．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即當(dāng)人們犯錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，這些錯(cuò)誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會(huì)高估，或者低估。當(dāng)這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時(shí)，它們會(huì)相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤，那么他們的錯(cuò)誤不會(huì)相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯(cuò)誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性就會(huì)下降)”可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯(cuò)誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會(huì)產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)，討論了獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均如何由于誤差的消除而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.(從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的)”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.(這項(xiàng)研究的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)是，當(dāng)人群被進(jìn)一步劃分為允許進(jìn)行討論的小組時(shí)，這些小組的平均值比同等數(shù)量的獨(dú)立個(gè)體的平均值更準(zhǔn)確。例如，從四個(gè)五人討論組的估計(jì)中獲得的平均值明顯比從20個(gè)獨(dú)立個(gè)體獲得的平均值更準(zhǔn)確)”可知，人們在沒有獨(dú)立的情況下，分成更小群體，平均值是更準(zhǔn)確的，說明即使在估計(jì)數(shù)字并非完全獨(dú)立的情況下，準(zhǔn)確率提高也是可以做到的。故選D。學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?(在一項(xiàng)針對100名大學(xué)生的后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中的實(shí)際行為。他們是否傾向于選擇那些對自己的估計(jì)最有信心的人？他們追隨那些最不愿意改變主意的人嗎)”可知，在后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中實(shí)際做了什么。結(jié)合兩個(gè)問題，因此可知后續(xù)研究的重點(diǎn)是小組內(nèi)的討論過程。故選C。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.(盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性，仍存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的)”可知，作者認(rèn)為雖然Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性也存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對于Navajas的研究表示一定的贊許和支持。故選D。Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(編碼)experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“l(fā)isteningtowaves.”Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunch學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 break.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.5．Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A．Pocketparksarenowpopular.B．Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C．Manycitiesareoverpopulated.D．Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.6．Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A．Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B．Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C．Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D．Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.7．Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A．Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B．Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C．Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D．Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.8．WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A．Languagestudy.B．Environmentalconservation.C．Publiceducation.D．Interculturalcommunication.【答案】5．B6．D7．C8．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。城市化讓人們越來越難以接觸到自然，但一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)城市中的野生自然對人類健康和幸福感具有重要影響。研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對一座大型城市公園的游客進(jìn)行調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)與野生自然的互動(dòng)可以創(chuàng)造出一種可用的語言，幫助人們認(rèn)識和參與最令人滿意和有意義的活動(dòng)。該研究呼吁保護(hù)城市中的野生自然。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容“Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelatively學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 wild.(隨著城市的飛速發(fā)展，生活在城市地區(qū)的人們越來越難以接近大自然。如果你幸運(yùn)的話，你住的地方附近可能會(huì)有一個(gè)袖珍公園，但在城市里找到相對天然的地方是罕見的)”可知，文章開頭作者講述了一種現(xiàn)象，在城市里，人們很難找到野生的自然。故選B。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(編碼)experiencesintodifferentcategories.(他們調(diào)查了數(shù)百名公園游客，要求他們在網(wǎng)上提交一份書面總結(jié)，描述他們在公園里與大自然有意義的互動(dòng)。然后，研究人員檢查了這些提交的信息，將體驗(yàn)分為不同的類別)”可知，研究人員按照公園游客提交的在公園里與大自然互動(dòng)的活動(dòng)把游客分類，再根據(jù)第四段“Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.(在這320份提交的作品中，一種被研究人員稱為“自然語言”的分類模式開始出現(xiàn)。在對所有提交的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行編碼后，有六個(gè)類別被認(rèn)為對游客最重要)”可知，研究人員對參與者提交的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了分類，以便在游客的總結(jié)中找到模式，并確定對游客最重要的自然體驗(yàn)。通過這樣做，他們能夠創(chuàng)造一種“自然語言”，幫助人們認(rèn)識并參與對他們來說最滿意和最有意義的活動(dòng)。選項(xiàng)D準(zhǔn)確地反映了這一目的。故選D。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容“Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.(命名每一種自然體驗(yàn)創(chuàng)造了一種可用的語言，這有助于人們認(rèn)識并參與到對他們來說最滿意和最有意義的活動(dòng)中。例如，沿著水邊散步的經(jīng)歷可能會(huì)讓一個(gè)年輕的專業(yè)人士在周末去公園徒步旅行時(shí)感到滿意。在工作日回到市中心，他們可以在午休時(shí)沿著噴泉散步，享受一種更居家的互動(dòng)方式)”可知，本段講述了自然體驗(yàn)創(chuàng)造一種可用的語言，有助于人們識別并參與對自己來說最滿意最有意義的活動(dòng)，接下來以一個(gè)年輕的專業(yè)人士參與自然的方式舉例說明，去公園時(shí)沿著水邊散步讓他感到滿意，回到市中心工作時(shí)他可以通過沿著噴泉散步獲得滿足。因此推知，從第五段的例子中我們可以知道一樣的自然體驗(yàn)可以呈現(xiàn)不同的形式。故選C。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段““We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.(“我們正試圖創(chuàng)造一種語言，幫助將人類與自然的互動(dòng)帶回我們的日常生活中。要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們還需要保護(hù)自然，這樣我們才能與它互動(dòng)，”該研究的資深作者彼得·卡恩說。)”可推斷，彼得·卡恩認(rèn)為在我們與大自然互動(dòng)之前我們應(yīng)該先要保護(hù)自然。故選B。學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 【高考真題變式題1】Alittlebrainstimulationatnightappearstohelppeoplerememberwhattheylearnedthepreviousday,astudyof18severeepilepsy(癲癇)patientshasfound.Duringsleep,braincellsfireinrhythmicpatterns.Whentwobrainareassynchronize(同步)theirfiringpatterns,theyareabletocommunicate.Duringnon-rapideyemovementsleep,thehippocampus,founddeepinthebrain,synchronizesitsactivitywiththeprefrontalcortex,whichliesjustbehindtheforehead.Thishelpstransformmemoriesfromthedayintomemoriesthatcanlastalifetime.Dr.ItzhakFriedattheUniversityofCaliforniaandhisteamgathered18epilepsypatientswhoalreadyhadelectrodes(電極)intheirbrainsformedicalevaluation.Thisofferedthescientistsawaytobothmonitorandchangeaperson’sbrainrhythms.Theyuseda“celebritypet”testinwhichparticipantswereshownimagesmatchingaparticularcelebritywithaspecificanimal.Thegoalwastorememberwhichanimalwentwithwhichcelebrity.Patientssawtheimagesbeforegoingtobed.Whilesleeping,someofthemgottinyelectricalstimulationthroughthewiresintheirbrains.Inpatientswhogotthestimulation,rhythmsinthetwobrainareasbecamemoresynchronized.Andwhentheywokeuptheyscoredhigheronthetest.Theexperimentwasbasedondecadesofresearchdonebyscientists,includingDr.Gy?rgyBuzsáki,aneuroscientistatNewYorkUniversity.Butchangingrhythmsinhealthypeoples’brainsmightnotimprovetheirmemory,hesays,becausethosecommunicationchannelsarealreadyinperfectcondition.Theepilepsypatientsmayhaveimprovedbecausetheystartedoutwithsleepandmemoryproblemscausedbyboththedisorderandthedrugsusedtotreatit.Evenso,hesays,theapproachhasthepotentialtohelpmillionsofpeoplewithdamagedmemory.Andbrainrhythmsprobablyplaypartsinmanyotherproblems.“Theyarenotspecifictomemory.Theyaredoingalotofotherthings,”Buzsákisays,likeregulatingmoodandemotion.9．Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?A．Theformingprocessofmemories.B．Theworkingprinciplefortheresearch.C．Theanalysisofbraincells’firingpatterns.D．Theadvantagesforstudiesinbrainactivities.10．Whywereelectricalstimulationsdeliveredtosomepatientsatnight?學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 A．Toconducttheirmedicalevaluation.B．Tomonitortheirbrainrhythms.C．Tofacilitatesynchronyoftheirbrainareas.D．Torecordscoresofthememorytests.11．Whatcanbeexpectedoftheapproachproposedintheresearch?A．Itwillstrengthenhealthypeople’smemory.B．Itmayenhancepeople’scommunicationskills.C．Itcanhelpreduceepilepsypatients’druguse.D．Itmighthelppeoplewithmentalproblems.12．WhatisGy?rgyBuzsáki’sattitudetowardFried’sresearch?A．Hesitant.B．Favorable.C．Critical.D．Dismissive.【答案】9．B10．C11．D12．B【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了一項(xiàng)對18名嚴(yán)重癲癇患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，晚上對大腦進(jìn)行一點(diǎn)刺激似乎有助于人們記住他們前一天學(xué)過的東西。9．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Duringsleep,braincellsfireinrhythmicpatterns.Whentwobrainareassynchronize(同步)theirfiringpatterns,theyareabletocommunicate.Duringnon-rapideyemovementsleep,thehippocampus,founddeepinthebrain,synchronizesitsactivitywiththeprefrontalcortex,whichliesjustbehindtheforehead.Thishelpstransformmemoriesfromthedayintomemoriesthatcanlastalifetime.”（在睡眠期間，腦細(xì)胞以有節(jié)奏的模式放電。當(dāng)兩個(gè)大腦區(qū)域的放電模式同步時(shí)，它們就能夠交流。在非快速眼動(dòng)睡眠期間，位于大腦深處的海馬體會(huì)與前額后方的前額皮質(zhì)同步活動(dòng)。這有助于將一天的記憶轉(zhuǎn)化為可以持續(xù)一生的記憶。）可知，第二段主要講的是工作原理的研究。故選B項(xiàng)。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Whilesleeping,someofthemgottinyelectricalstimulationthroughthewiresintheirbrains.Inpatientswhogotthestimulation,rhythmsinthetwobrainareasbecamemoresynchronized.”（在睡覺時(shí)，他們中的一些人通過大腦中的電線受到微小的電刺激。在接受刺激的患者中，兩個(gè)大腦區(qū)域的節(jié)奏變得更加同步。）可知，在夜間對一些病人進(jìn)行電刺激是為了促進(jìn)大腦區(qū)域的同步。故選C項(xiàng)。11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Evenso,hesays,theapproachhasthepotentialtohelpmillionsofpeoplewithdamagedmemory.Andbrainrhythmsprobablyplaypartsinmanyotherproblems.“Theyarenotspecifictomemory.Theyaredoingalotofotherthings,”Buzsákisays,likeregulatingmoodand學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 emotion.”（即便如此，他說，這種方法有可能幫助數(shù)百萬有記憶受損的人。大腦節(jié)律可能在許多其他問題中發(fā)揮作用?！八鼈儾⒉痪窒抻谟洃?。他們在做很多其他的事情，”Buzsáki說，比如調(diào)節(jié)情緒和情緒。）可知，研究方法可以幫助有精神問題的人。故選D項(xiàng)。12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Evenso,hesays,theapproachhasthepotentialtohelpmillionsofpeoplewithdamagedmemory.Andbrainrhythmsprobablyplaypartsinmanyotherproblems.“Theyarenotspecifictomemory.Theyaredoingalotofotherthings,”Buzsákisays,likeregulatingmoodandemotion.”（即便如此，他說，這種方法有可能幫助數(shù)百萬有記憶受損的人。大腦節(jié)律可能在許多其他問題中發(fā)揮作用。“它們并不局限于記憶。他們在做很多其他的事情，”Buzsáki說，比如調(diào)節(jié)情緒和情緒。）可推知，Gy?rgyBuzsáki對這項(xiàng)研究持支持的態(tài)度。故選B項(xiàng)。【高考真題變式題2】Studentswithdyscalculiaexperiencedifficultyinmathematicsandnumber-basedlearning.Thesestudentscanhavetroublegraspingmeaningsofnumericalsymbolsorunderstandingspatialprocessingsuchastherotation(旋轉(zhuǎn))ofanobjectintheirmind.Nationwide,about15percentofstudentshavebeenscreenedforthedisability,yetmanymoreseemtobestruggling.AccordingtoanationallyrepresentativesurveyinApril2023,about40percentofmathteachersnationwidesaythattheirstudentsareperformingbelowgradelevelinmath.Whiletheterm“dyscalculia”wascoinedinthe1940s,itdidnotbecomemorewidelyknownuntilthe1970s.Researchonthedisorderpickedupinthe1990swiththewidespreaduseofMRItechnology,butit’sstillnotwidelyunderstood,accordingtoadvocates.SomeadultswithdyscalculiaspokeaboutwhatitwasliketostruggleinK-12schoolswithadisabilitythatwaslargelyunrecognizedandhowtheyhadtolearntoaccepttheirdisabilityandgetthehelptheyneed.Navigatinggrowingupalongsideacademicdemandsisadifficultphaseoflifeforanyone.“ThehardestpartofhavingdyscalculiainmyK-12experiencewasdealingwithadisabilityontopofthenormalaspectsofgrowingup,”Cladeksaid.“Growingupwithdyscalculiagreatlyaffectedmyself-worthandnotfeelinglikeIamenough,”saidCladek,whoisnowacollegestudent.“IflcouldonlybeabletofitinwiththerestofthekidsandnothavethisanxietyandfrustrationeverytimeIlookatamathproblemonmyworksheet,thenI’llbeenough,whichwasacommonthoughtIhad.”Whilereceivingthediagnosiscanbescary,itisactuallyhelpful.Somesaidthediagnosiscanbringasenseofreliefafterstrugglingforsolong.“Iliterallybrokedownintears,becausemyentirelifeIwastellingmyself,‘I’mstupid,’”Hadbahsaid.Pikula,whowasdiagnoseddyscalculiainherK-12careerandnowisasocialmedia學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 manager,offeredwordsofencouragementtostudentswhomaybegoingthroughsimilarexperiences.“Peoplewithdyscalculiacanbecomeengineers,andtheycanbecomescientists.”13．Whatcanwelearnabout“dyscalculia”?A．About40%studentsareexperiencingdyscalculianationwide.B．Itsgeneralrecognitionis40yearslaterthanitsfirstappearance.C．Studentswithdyscalculiarefusetomemorizenumericalsymbols.D．Studentswithdyscalculiastrugglemorewithabstractmathproblems.14．Accordingtoadvocates,whatcontributestoresearchingon“dyscalculia”?A．Applicationoftechnology.B．Mostpatients’strongappeal.C．Nationalmathteachers’demand.D．Publicawarenessoflearningdisabilities.15．WhatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentoningCladek’sexperience?A．Cladekhasfantasticmemoriesofschooling.B．It’sbettertohavedyscalculiadiagnosedearlier.C．Growingupwithdyscalculiaisabigchallenge.D．Academicdemandsoutweighstrugglingwithdyscalculia.16．Inwhichpartofawebsitemaythistextappear?A．Culture.B．Education.C．Fashion.D．Psychology.【答案】13．D14．A15．C16．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。“數(shù)盲癥”，亦稱作“計(jì)算障礙癥”，是一種鮮為人知的學(xué)習(xí)障礙。研究人員統(tǒng)計(jì)，學(xué)生中高達(dá)15%的人都有計(jì)算障礙，他們在處理數(shù)字時(shí)會(huì)感到極其困難。13．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“Thesestudentscanhavetroublegraspingmeaningsofnumericalsymbolsorunderstandingspatialprocessingsuchastherotation(旋轉(zhuǎn))ofanobjectintheirmind.(這些學(xué)生可能在掌握數(shù)字符號的含義或理解空間處理方面有困難，比如在他們的腦海中物體的旋轉(zhuǎn))”可知，“數(shù)盲癥”患者更難應(yīng)對抽象數(shù)學(xué)問題。故選D。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Researchonthedisorderpickedupinthe1990swiththewidespreaduseofMRItechnology,butit’sstillnotwidelyunderstood,accordingtoadvocates.(20世紀(jì)90年代，隨著核磁共振技術(shù)的廣泛使用，對這種疾病的研究開始興起，但據(jù)倡導(dǎo)者說，它仍然沒有被廣泛理解)”可知，隨著技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，該研究得以開始。故選A。學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Growingupwithdyscalculiagreatlyaffectedmyself-worthandnotfeelinglikeIamenough(患有計(jì)算障礙的成長過程極大地影響了我的自我價(jià)值感，讓我覺得自己不夠好)”可知，患有計(jì)算障礙的成長極大地影響了Cladek的自我價(jià)值，總感覺自己不夠好。由此可知，對一個(gè)成長過程中的人來說“數(shù)盲癥”是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。故選C。16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Studentswithdyscalculiaexperiencedifficultyinmathematicsandnumber-basedlearning.Thesestudentscanhavetroublegraspingmeaningsofnumericalsymbolsorunderstandingspatialprocessingsuchastherotation(旋轉(zhuǎn))ofanobjectintheirmind.(有計(jì)算障礙的學(xué)生在數(shù)學(xué)和基于數(shù)字的學(xué)習(xí)方面有困難。這些學(xué)生可能在掌握數(shù)字符號的含義或理解空間處理方面有困難，比如在他們的腦海中物體的旋轉(zhuǎn))”結(jié)合文中提到的students、mathteachers以及K-12等關(guān)鍵信息詞匯可知，本文是有關(guān)學(xué)生和教師的，故本文應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在教育板塊。故選B?！靖呖颊骖}變式題3】AnewresearchinNaturerevealsthatawarmingworldisincreasinghuman-wildlifeconflicts.“Wefoundevidenceofconflictsbetweenpeopleandwildlifeexacerbatedbyclimatechangeonsixcontinents,infivedifferentoceans,inmarinesystems,infreshwatersystems-involvingmammals,birds,fishandsoon,”saidleadauthorBrianaAbrahms.Toidentifytrends,theteamstudiedpublished,peer—reviewedincidentsofhuman—wildlifeconflictsandidentifiedcasesthatwerelinkedspecificallytotheeffectsofclimatechange.Theseincludebothshort-termclimateevents-suchasadrought-aswellaslonger-termchanges.WarmingintheArctic,forexample,isleadingtolossofseaicewhichhasleftpolarbearsshortoffood.Theyincreasinglytravelonland,sometimesenteringhumansettlementsandattackingpeople,asarecentincidentinAlaskaillustrates.Mostcasesofhuman-wildlifeconflictslinkedtoclimateinvolveashiftinresources—notjustforwildlife,butalsoforpeople.Amajorityofcasesonlandalsoinvolvedachangeinprecipitation(降水),whichwillcontinuetobeaffectedbyclimatechange.Manyresultedinhumandeathsorinjuries,aswellaspropertydamage.“Identifyingandunderstandingthislinkbetweenhuman-wildlifeconflictsisnotonlyaconservationissue,”saidAbrahms.“Itisalsoasocialjusticeandhumansafetyissue.Thesetypesofconflictsarelikelytoriseasclimatechangeintensifies(加劇),particularlyasmassmigrationsofpeopleandwildlifeincreaseandresourcesshift.”But,itdoesn’thavetobeallbadnews.“Onemajormotivationinstudyingthelinkbetweenclimatechangeandhuman-wildlifeconflictsisfindingsolutions,”saidAbrahms.“Aswelearnaboutspecificincidents,wecan學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 identifypatternsandtends-andcomeupwithinterventions(干預(yù))totrytoaddresstheseconflicts.”Someinterventionsmaybeassimpleaspublic-awarenesscampaigns.Governmentscanalsoplanfortimeswhenextremeclimateeventswillbringpeopleandwildlifeintoclosercontact.“Onceyouknowtherootcausesofaconflict,youcandesigninterventionstohelpbothpeopleandwildlife,”saidAbrahms.“Wecanchange.”17．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exacerbated”inparagraph1mean?A．Anticipated.B．Perceived.C．Worsened.D．Faded.18．Whydoestheauthormentionthecaseofpolarbearsinparagraph2?A．Toshowclimatechangecandriveconflictsbyalteringanimalhabitats.B．Tocomparehumans’behaviorswithanimal’sinincreasingconflicts.C．Toinformhumansofprotectingwildlifeinresponsetoclimatechange.D．Toproveanimalshaveahardlifeinfaceofglobalwarmingnowadays.19．WhichofthefollowingstatementswouldAbrahmsagreewith?A．Human-wildlifeconflictswillbesettledsoon.B．Human-wildlifeconflictscanincreaseasresourcesshift.C．Therewillbenoconflictsifpeopleandwildlifestaywheretheyare.D．Thegoalinstudyinghuman-wildlifeconflictsisgainingsupport.20．WhatdoesAbrahmsthinkofinterventions?A．Theyaretoosimple.B．Theyareout-of-date.C．Theyarechangeable.D．Theyarebeneficial.【答案】17．C18．A19．B20．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹的是最近的一項(xiàng)研究通過顯示世界變暖和世界范圍內(nèi)人類與野生動(dòng)物沖突的增加之間的聯(lián)系，證明了人類與環(huán)境的交織性。17．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞前的“AnewresearchinNaturerevealsthatawarmingworldisincreasinghuman-wildlifeconflicts.(《自然》雜志的一項(xiàng)新研究表明，全球變暖正在加劇人類與野生動(dòng)物之間的沖突。)”可知，新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，氣候變化正在增加人與動(dòng)物之間的沖突，而劃線單詞所在的句子表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是對該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的進(jìn)一步解釋，所以該單詞的意思是“加劇”符合語境。故選C項(xiàng)。18．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“WarmingintheArctic,forexample,isleadingtolossofseaicewhichhasleftpolarbearsshortoffood.Theyincreasinglytravelonland,sometimesenteringhumansettlementsandattackingpeople,asarecentincidentinAlaska學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 illustrates.(例如，北極地區(qū)的變暖導(dǎo)致了海冰的消失，使北極熊缺乏食物。它們越來越多地在陸地上行走，有時(shí)會(huì)進(jìn)入人類居住區(qū)并攻擊人，最近在阿拉斯加發(fā)生的事件就說明了這一點(diǎn)。)”可知，由于棲息地的減少，北極熊只能經(jīng)常在陸地上尋找食物，進(jìn)而會(huì)進(jìn)入人類的居住區(qū)，這必然會(huì)引起動(dòng)物和人類的沖突，由此可知，作者提及北極熊的例子旨在說明氣候變化可以通過改變動(dòng)物棲息地來推動(dòng)沖突。故選A項(xiàng)。19．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的““Identifyingandunderstandingthislinkbetweenhuman-wildlifeconflictsisnotonlyaconservationissue,”saidAbrahms.“Itisalsoasocialjusticeandhumansafetyissue.Thesetypesofconflictsarelikelytoriseasclimatechangeintensifies(加劇),particularlyasmassmigrationsofpeopleandwildlifeincreaseandresourcesshift.”(“識別和理解人類與野生動(dòng)物沖突之間的聯(lián)系不僅僅是一個(gè)保護(hù)問題，”Abrahms說?！斑@也是一個(gè)社會(huì)正義和人類安全問題。隨著氣候變化的加劇，特別是隨著人類和野生動(dòng)物大規(guī)模遷徙的增加以及資源的轉(zhuǎn)移，這類沖突可能會(huì)增加?！?”可知，識別和理解人類與野生動(dòng)物之間的沖突是不僅僅是一個(gè)保護(hù)問題，而且也是一個(gè)社會(huì)公正與安全問題，Abrahms認(rèn)為，隨著氣候的變化，特別是人類與野生動(dòng)物大規(guī)模遷移和資源轉(zhuǎn)移，人類與野生動(dòng)物之間的沖突會(huì)上升，由此可知，Abrahms贊成資源的轉(zhuǎn)移可能導(dǎo)致沖突上升這一觀點(diǎn)。故選B項(xiàng)。20．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Governmentscanalsoplanfortimeswhenextremeclimateeventswillbringpeopleandwildlifeintoclosercontact.“Onceyouknowtherootcausesofaconflict,youcandesigninterventionstohelpbothpeopleandwildlife,”saidAbrahms.“Wecanchange.”(政府還可以為極端氣候事件使人類和野生動(dòng)物更密切接觸的時(shí)刻做好準(zhǔn)備。“一旦你知道沖突的根本原因，你就可以設(shè)計(jì)干預(yù)措施來幫助人類和野生動(dòng)物，”Abrahms說。“我們可以改變?！?”可知，Abrahms認(rèn)為，在了解了沖突的根源的情況下，就可以設(shè)計(jì)干預(yù)措辭來幫助人類與野生動(dòng)物，據(jù)此可知，他認(rèn)為干預(yù)措施是有益的。故選D項(xiàng)。【高考真題變式題4】Duringthe20thcentury,anestimated3milliongreatwhaleswerehuntedtoprovidehumanswithoil,meatandrosefertiliser.RogerPayne,abiologistandenvironmentalist,spurred(推動(dòng))aworldwideenvironmentalconservationmovementwithhisdiscoverythatwhalescouldsing.Thisdiscoverywasmadein1967duringhisresearchtriptoBermuda(百慕大)whenanavyengineerprovidedhimwitharecordingofcuriousunderwatersoundsdocumented.Payneidentifiedthetonesassongswhalessingtooneanotherandhewasconsciousfromthestartthatwhalesongwastogetthepublicinterestedinprotectingananimalpreviouslyconsideredlittlemorethanaresource,curiosityornuisance.Paynesawthediscoveryofwhalesongasachancetospurinterestinsavingthegiantanimals,whoweredisappearingfromtheplanet.In1970,PaynereleasedthealbumSongsoftheHumpbackWhale.Therecord,asurprisehit,fueledaglobalmovementtoendthepracticeofcommercialwhalehuntingandsavethewhalesfrom學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 extinction.Itremainsthebestsellingenvironmentalalbuminhistory.Theimpactofthewhalesongdiscoveryontheearlyenvironmentalmovementwasimmense.Manyantiwarprotestersofthedaytookonsavinganimalsandtheenvironmentasanewcause.Thehumpbackwhalebecametheiconofanewenvironmentalawareness.Andthewhalesenteredpopculture,nolongerthefearsomebeasts.In1977,thewhalecallswereloadedontotheVoyagerprobesandsentintoouterspace.Payne,graduatingfromHarvardUniversityandCornellUniversitywithadoctor’sdegree,authoredorcoauthoreddozensofscientificpapers,gavehundredsoflectures,madecountlesstelevisionprogrammesandfilms,andled100oceanicexpeditions.Paynehadstartedanambitiousnewproject:CETI,acombinationofscientistsusingnewtechnologytointerpretwhatwhalesmightbe“saying”.21．Whatcausedthedeclineofthewhalepopulationinthe20thcentury?A．Habitatloss.B．Theclimatechange.C．Uncontrolledhunting.D．Theoceanpollution.22．Whatwasthepurposeofreleasingthealbumofwhalesongs?A．Toboostinterestinprotectingwhales.B．Tosatisfypeople’scuriosityaboutsea.C．Toachievegreatcommercialsuccess.D．Toearnareputationasaresearcher.23．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeRogerPayne?A．Considerate.B．Accomplished.C．Courageous.D．Patient.24．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Theconservationofoceanenvironment.B．Effortstoawakepublicoceanawareness.C．Ahigh-techwaytodocumentwhaletones.D．Awhaleprotectioncampaignbyabiologist.【答案】21．C22．A23．B24．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了生物學(xué)家兼環(huán)保主義者RogerPayne對鯨魚歌聲的研究及其對拯救鯨魚做出的貢獻(xiàn)。學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司 21．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Duringthe20thcentury,anestimated3milliongreatwhaleswerehuntedtoprovidehumanswithoil,meatandrosefertiliser.(在20世紀(jì)，估計(jì)有300萬頭鯨魚被捕殺，為人類提供油、肉和玫瑰肥料)”可知，人類的濫捕亂獵導(dǎo)致了20世紀(jì)鯨魚數(shù)量的減少。故選C項(xiàng)。22．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Payneidentifiedthetonesassongswhalessingtooneanotherandhewasconsciousfromthestartthatwhalesongwastogetthepublicinterestedinprotectingananimalpreviouslyconsideredlittlemorethanaresource,curiosityornuisance.(佩恩認(rèn)為這些音調(diào)是鯨魚彼此唱的歌，他從一開始就意識到鯨魚之歌是為了引起公眾對保護(hù)這種動(dòng)物的興趣，這種動(dòng)物以前被認(rèn)為只是一種資源、好奇或討厭的東西)”可知，RogerPayne發(fā)布這張關(guān)于鯨魚歌聲的專輯是想提高人們保護(hù)鯨魚的意識。故選A項(xiàng)。23．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Payne,graduatingfromHarvardUniversityandCornellUniversitywithadoctor’sdegree,authoredorcoauthoreddozensofscientificpapers,gavehundredsoflectures,madecountlesstelevisionprogrammesandfilms,andled100oceanicexpeditions.(佩恩畢業(yè)于哈佛大學(xué)和康奈爾大學(xué)，獲得博士學(xué)位，撰寫或合作撰寫了數(shù)十篇科學(xué)論文，發(fā)表了數(shù)百次演講，制作了無數(shù)電視節(jié)目和電影，并領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了100次海洋探險(xiǎn))”可知，Payne是一個(gè)很有成就的人。故選B項(xiàng)。24．主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了生物學(xué)家兼環(huán)保主義者RogerPayne發(fā)起的研究鯨魚歌聲的運(yùn)動(dòng)，旨在保護(hù)鯨魚。所以D項(xiàng)“Awhaleprotectioncampaignbyabiologist.(生物學(xué)家發(fā)起的鯨魚保護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng))”符合本篇文章的主旨大意。故選D項(xiàng)。學(xué)科網(wǎng)（北京）股份有限公司