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AMERICANMUSICDURINGWORLDWARI,WORLDWARIIANDVIETNAMByAlexMargolis,HoraceGreeleyH.S. DuringtheCivilWar,whensoldiersfromdifferentstateswithvaryingmusicbackgroundscametogether,theybroughttheirmusicandwhencombined,createdthestyleandsongsweknowtodayas“AmericanMusic”DixieBattleHymnoftheRepublicWhenJohnnycomesMarchingHomeBattleCryofFreedomWhilethesesongsarenotonesusuallyassociatedwithWWI,WWIIorVietnam,theirtuneandstyleinfluencedfutureAmerican“war”music,includingthatofthethreewars. WORLDWARONE…BEGINS AMERICANNEUTRALITYWhenwarbrokeoutinEurope,AmericansrecognizedthehardworkEnglandwasdoingontheothersideofthepond.Inthefirsttwoyearsofthewar,AmericansforthemostpartwerenotwillingtosendtheirboysoffbutsupportedwhatBritainwasdoingagainstthecentralpowers.“It’salongwaytoTipperary”waswritteninhonoroftheBritishfight.TipperaryisactuallyinIrelandandtheTipperaryGuardswere“militiamen”ofIrelandwhowerecalleduptofighttheCentralPowers<---- AMERICANNEUTRALITY(cont.)AmericanshadbeeninvolvedintheSpanish-AmericanWarandthemessinPhilippines15yearspriortoWWIandwerenotinthemoodtosendtheirboystodieagain.Isolationismwasnotunpopular.Averypopularsongreflectingthepublic’sattitudewas“Don’tTakeMyDarlingBoyAway”.Themotherinthissongisbeggingthecaptainnottotakeherlastsonasshehasalreadylostherhusbandandotherthreesonsinservicetothecountry.ThesongshowshowAmericansdidnotfeelthewarwasoninwhichtheyshouldsendtheirfamilyovertofightin. “AmotherwaskneelingtoprayForlovedonesatwarfarawayAndtherebyherside,heronejoyandpride,kneltdownwithherthatday…Thesongcontinuestodescribethemother’shorrorathavingthefacetherealitythatshemightloseherhusbandandallsonstofightinawarthatwas“wrong”Don'ttakemydarlingboyawayfromme,Don'tsendhimofftowarYoutookhisfatherandbrothersthree,Nowyou'vecomebackformore AsGermanyincreaseditssubmarinewarfareagainstallships,bothcivilianandmilitary,Americansbecamemoreandmorewillingtoenterthewar.ThentheZimmermantelegraph,whichatfirstwasbelievedtobeafraud,madewayforahugeamountofantiGermansentimentintheUnitedStatesandonApril6,1917,CongressdeclaredwaronGermany.Thepopularmusicwentfromanti-involvementtopatrioticandreadytofighttheenemy.Therewasashiftfromsongslike“Don’tTakeMyDarlingBoyAway”totunessuchas“LibertyBell”and“America,Here’sMyBoy”AmericansLeanTowardsWar THENNOWMuchliketheNorthinthebeginningoftheCivilWar,AmericansbelievedoncetheyarrivedinEurope,theGermanswouldrunaway.Ofcourse,oncetheythesoldiersstartedlivinginthetrenches,itbecameadifferentstory.“America,Here’sMyBoy”providedAmericanswiththetempoandlyricsthattheywantedtohearatthetime.“Placeagunuponhisshoulder,Heisreadytodieordo” JazzinWWIManyAfricanAmericansfoughtinWWI,thoughtheywereinsegregatedunits.Withintheirunits,theybroughttheirownmusictoEuropeintheformofJazz.WhenfirstlandinginFrance,anAfricanAmericanJazzbandplayedajazzformofLaMarseillaise,thenationalanthemofFrance.AtfirsttheFrenchsoldierswereconfusedthenrealizedthebandwasplayingFrance’ssongandproceededtosaluteandgaveAfricanAmericansoldiersmorerespectthroughoutthewarthanthesoldiersseenbackhomeinthestates. AndpossiblythemostpopularandfamousAmericansongofTheGreatWar…Johnnie,getyourgun,Getyourgun,getyourgun,Takeitontherun,Ontherun,ontherunMakeyourdaddyglad Tohavehadsuchalad. Tellyoursweetheartnottopine, Tobeproudherboy'sinline.Hearthemcalling,youandme,Everysonofliberty.Hurryrightaway,Nodelay,gotoday, GeorgeMichaelCohan,thewriterof“OverThere”,wasbornJuly3,1878.PriortoWWI,hewasverysuccessful,writingsongsforBroadwaysuchas“You’reaGrandOldFlag”and“YankeeDoodleDandy”.CohanwrotethisfamoussongwhileonboardatraininhisdailycommutetoNewYorkCity.FirstperformedataRedCrossfundraiserin1917whereitwassungbyCharlesKing.PresidentWilsondescribedthesongas"agenuineinspirationtoallAmericanmanhood”.Bytheendofthewar,twomillionpiecesofsheetmusicweresoldandCohanwasawardedanhonoraryCongressionalmedal. 11:00AMon11/11/1918-TheGreatWarEndsLikemostotherwars,Americanswereextremelyhappytoseetheirboysagain.TherewerecelebrationsinthestreetandthedaywouldberememberedasArmisticeDay.Soonafter,BudGreenwrotethelyricsto“WelcomeHome”.Inthealbumcover,thereturningsoliderisportrayedinanalmostangelicorgodlylikefigureasaccordingtothesong“Eachbabywillbegladtoseeherfightingdadandthiswholenation'sproudtoseeyouhere.” Dec.7,1941“Adatewhichwillliveininfamy”Intheearlyafternoon,23yearsaftertheendofthe“thewartoendallwars”,aradiolistenerintheUnitedStatesmayhavebeenlisteningtoanyradiostationwhenthenewsflashcameinthatAmericawasnolongerexcludedfromthewarhappeninginEuropeandAsia.Itwasn’tlonguntilsongsstartingcomingoutabouttheevent,only10daysforthefirstofmanytoberecorded.Afterthelossof2,300soldiersandsailors,Americabeganputtingoutthepatrioticsongs,muchlikeithaddoneinWWI.PearlHarborAttacked HomeRadioandWWIIWhileradiocommunicationwasinventedinthe19thcenturyandwasusedformilitarypurposesinWorldWarI,itdidn’tbecomewidespreadinhomesuntilthe1920sand30s.Throughoutthewar,thegovernmentusedtheradiotobroadcastpropagandaandnews.TheradioalsoallowedtothemusicofthetimetobeheardbyawideraudiencewhichallowedmusictohaveevenmoreofaninfluenceonAmericansociety.Notuntilthetelevisionbecamepopularalittlemorethanadecadelater,radiobecamethedominantsourcefornewsandlateron,music. SammyKayebornin1910,wasaconductorofduringthe“bigband”erainwhichjazzandswingwerepopular.HeperformedwithsuchstarsasBennyGoodmanandGlennMiller.WhentheJapaneseattackedPearlHarbor,Kayewroteasongappropriatelytitled“RememberPearlHarbor”,arallycryascanbeseenbythecover,tempoandlyrics…“Let’srememberPearlHarbor,aswegotomeetthefoe” TheattackonPearlHarborawokethe“sleepinggiant”andimmediatelycreatedapro-warandanti-JapanesesentimentwithintheUnitedStates.WaronJapanwasdeclaredthedayafter.Therewerenopopularanti-warmovementsastherewereinthefirstworldwarandthemusicinthiscasereflecteditperfectlyhereaspostersshowAmerican’swantingtohitbackatthe“Japs”.“RememberPearlHarbor”wasfollowedbyanumberofverypopularpatrioticAmericansongs.Notonlywas“RememberPearlHarbor”oneofthefirstWWIIbattlesongs,butitwasoneofthemostfamous,(#3onthechartswithinweeks)broadcastedheavilyandoftensungatsocialevents. “Kaye’s“RememberPearlHarbor”wasnottheonlypatrioticsongatthetimebyanymeans.SoonafterPearlHarbor,FrankLoesserwrotethemusicandwordsto“PraisetheLordandPasstheAmmunition”.Thesongisnotonlypatrioticbutwiththelyricsandtempo,provesitselftobeaverygoodmoralebooster.Thelyricssayto“PraisetheLordandPasstheAmmunitionandwe’llallstayfree”.Duringthetimewhenthissongwasrecordedin1942,Americansweregearingupandpreparingforwar.ThissongreflectsAmerican’smotivationandteamworktosupportthetroopssoeveryonecan“allstayfree”. WhilemostAmerican’shappilypreparedtogotowarandmanyenlisted,thetimecamewheretheboysstatedtobemissedandtheboysmissedbackhome.In1944,FrankLoesser,writerof“PraisetheLordandPasstheAmmunition”,wrote“FirstClassPrivateMaryBrown”,tellingthestoryofafictionalsoldierwhometaveryattractivefemalesoldierashewasbeingshippedofftofightandcan’twaittoreturntoseeheragain.FrankLoesserThesongreflectsmanysoldier’seagernesstogohometoseetheirfamily,wives,girlfriends,andhomeingeneral. “Ohthere’llbebluebirdsover,thewhitecliffsofDover”Muchlikethesong“It’saLongWaytoTipperary”inWWI,“There'llBeBlueBirdsOvertheWhiteCliffsofDover”isasongwrittenappreciatingthefighttheBritswerecarryingoutagainstHitler.DoveranditsfamouswhitecliffsarelocatedsoutheastEngland,theclosestcitytomainlandEuropeandHitler’sairraids.Thissong,originallywrittenbyNatBurton,becameverypopularandwascoveredbymanyartists,includingGlennMillerandKateSmith. WomenintheWarAsthemenwentofftofighttheNazisandJapanese,womencametothefactoriestofilltheirplaces.Thisfamouspainting--->byJ.HowardMiller,represents“RosietheRiveter”thestrong,competentfemaledefenseworker.Assongswerebeingrecordedaboutthemengoingofftowar,onesongwaswrittenaboutthewomengoingoffthefactories,called“RosietheRiveter”. “RosietheRiveter”byReddEvansandJohnJacobLeob"Allthedaylong,Whetherrainorshine,She'sapartoftheassemblyline.She'smakinghistory,Workingforvictory,RosietheRiveter.Keepsasharplookoutforsabotage,Sittingupthereonthefuselage.Thatlittlegirlwilldomorethanamalewilldo." BennyGoodmanAsthewarwascomingtoaclose,BennyGoodman,afamousJazzmusician,wroteMyGuy'sComeBack,asongfromthepointofaviewofasoldier’sgirlfriendorwife,overjoyedwithherpartner’sreturn.“…Nomorebluesforme,nomorenomore,Justgoodnewsforme,Justgoodnewsinthestore…” 1954:FrenchpulloutofIndochina1963:NumberofU.S.militaryadvisorsinS.Vietnamreaches15,0001964:GulfofTonkinincident,U.S.retaliateswithairstrikesagainstN.Vietnam1965:180,000U.S.troopsinVietnam…1968:thatnumberreaches525,0001969:MassiveAntiWarprotestspickup… TheVietnamWaronthehomefrontwasunlikeanyotherAmericanwar.WithinmonthsoffirstcommittingtroopstoVietnam,protestsbegan.Thecatalystwasa“teachin”attheUniversityofMichigan(March25,1965),wherelecturestalkedtostudentsabouttheproblemwithAmericagettinginvolvedwithVietnamandonApril17ofthesameyear,around20,000studentsgatheredforthefirstofmanyprotestsinWashingtonD.C.The“hippie”movementbeganduringthistimeperiodandnearlyallthepopularsongsoftheerawereanti-warandremainedthatwayuntilthewarended. “Country”JoeMcDonaldledhisband“TheFish”insinging“IFeelLikeI'mFixin'toDieRag”.JoeMcDonaldservedintheNavyinVietnam,fortwoyearsbeforethesongwaswrittenin1965.Therelativelyearlydatethesongwasreleasedcombinedwiththeeyewitnesswritingmadethesongverypopular.ItwasplayedatWoodstockin1969.“Andit'sone,two,three,Whatarewefightingfor?Don'taskme,Idon'tgiveadamn,NextstopisVietnam;Andit'sfive,six,seven,Openupthepearlygates,Wellthereain'tnotimetowonderwhy,Whoopee!we'reallgonnadie.”Thesongblamesthepoliticiansforthetroublethatdraftees,trappedin“thesystem”havetogothroughandjustifiestheirwantingtoescapeit. Orotherwiseknownassimply“Creedence”wasoneofthemostactiveantiwarbandsatthetime.Oneoftheirmostfamous,andstillremainspopulartothisdayis“FortunateSon”.Thelyricstellinfirstpersonofsomeonewhohasjustbeendraftedandstronglyopposedtheidea.Whilethesongcriticizedthe“system”,itsupportstheactualsoldiers.Thesongisstillusedinanti-warmovementsasitslyricsareagainstwarbutatthesametime,itstempoverymotivatingSomelyricsinclude:Yeh,somefolksinheritstarspangledeyes,ooh,theysendyoudowntowar,Lord,Somefolksarebornsilverspooninhand,Lord,whydon'ttheyhelpthemselves?oh.Butwhenthetaxmancometothedoor,Lord,thehouselookalikearummagesale,yes,Itain'tme,itain'tme,Iain'tnofortunateone,NONO twewetwetwtWoodstock,August,1969TheWoodstockfestival,actuallyheldinWallkill,NY,isconsideredtobethemostfamousmusicfestivalofalltime.Takingplacein1969,neartheheightoftheVietnamWarwithapproximatelyhalfamillionyoung,“hippie”attendees,wasiconicoftheverystrongantiwarfeelingofthetime.SomemusicalperformersincludedJimiHendrix(who’scoverofthe“StarSpangledBanner”isplayingnow),JoeMcDonald,Credence,GratefulDeadandothers,allinfluentialartistsatthetime. InearlyMayin1970,protestsagainstmilitaryactioninCambodiatookplaceoverthecourseofafewdaysatKentStateUniversity.Whentheproteststurnedviolent,theOhioNationalGuardwascalledin.Fourstudentswerekilledwhennovicetroopsfiredintothecrowed.Twoofthefourstudentswerenotpartoftheprotest,butwereactuallywalkingtoclassCrosby,Stills,NashandYoung(CSNY)wrote“Ohio”,commemoratingthedeadstudentsandaggressivelyprotestingtheactionstakenbytheGuard.AnothersonginprotestoftheU.S.Militaryatthetime.“GottagetdowntoitSoldiersarecuttingusdownShouldhavebeendonelongago...” ThemusicproducedduringWWI,WWIIandespeciallyVietnamhavehadanimpactonourpopularmusictoday.TheVietnamWarallowedthenew“rockandroll”todeveloptoalmostthepointthatit’sattoday.Thechangestyleofthesongsoverthecourseofthesethreewarsisclear.Goingfromupbeatandpatriotictoanti-warandanti-authority.Onethingisclear.MusicwillcontinuetoshapeandreflectAmerican’sattitudetowardsthewarstheysendtheirboystofightin. AmericanMusicGoestoWar."ParlorSongs.Nov.2000.TheParlorSongsAssociation.26May2006.MusicHistoryoftheUnitedStatesDuringtheCivilWarEra."Wikipedia.17May2006.28May2006.WorldWarOneasIllustratedonSheetMusic."ParlorSongs.Nov.2000.TheParlorSongsAssociation..Burns,Ken."WolrdWarI."Jazz:aFilmbyKenBurns.PBS..GeorgeM.Cohan."Wikipedia.5May2006.1June2006.PearlHarborAttackSounds&Pictures."EarthStation.1999.1June2006.SheetMusic:PraisetheLordandPasstheAmmunition!"NationalMuseumofAmericanHistory.Smithsonian.1June2006.Bibliography BibliographyFrankLoesser."SongwritersHallofFame.1June2006http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibit_home_page.asp?exhibitId=230There’llBeBlueBirdsOvertheWhiteCliffsofDover."Dover:LockandKeyoftheKingdom.Dover-Kent.1June2006."VietnamWarTimeline."15thFieldArtilleryRegiment.3June2006.Weller,Tom.CountryJoeandtheFishtheWebsite.3June2006.Korshunov,Michael."http://www.creedence-online.net/history.php."OnlineCreedance.4June2006."WoodstockFestival."Wikipedia.17May2006.4June2006.Hanson,DavidC."FourDeadinO-Hio-O":theKentStateMassacre."2000.VirginiaWesternCommunityCollege.5June2006.BuyMusic.com
