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1、DistractionandSpeed27Runninghead:DISTRACTIONANDSPEEDDistractionasaDeterminantofProcessingSpeedCindyLustigUniversityofMichiganLynnHasherUniversityofTorontoandTheRotmanResearchInstituteofBaycrestCentreSimonT.TonevDukeUniversitySubmittedto:PsychonomicBulletin&ReviewWordcount(m
2、aintextandreferences):4193Addresscorrespondenceto:CindyLustigDepartmentofPsychologyUniversityofMichigan530ChurchStreetAnnArbor,MI48109-1043Email:clustig@umich.eduDistractionandSpeed27AbstractProcessingspeedisoftendescribedasafundamentalresourcedeterminingindividual(e.g.,I.Q
3、.)andgroup(e.g.,developmental)differencesincognition.However,mostteststhatmeasurespeedpresentmanyitemsonasinglepage.Becausemanygroupswithslowedrespondingarealsodistractible,wecomparedyoungerandolderadultsonhigh-(i.e.,standard)versuslow-distractionversionsoftwoclassicspeedta
4、sks.Reducingdistractionimprovedtheperformanceofolderadultswhilehavinglittleornoeffectonyoungeradults,suggestingthattheabilitytolimitattentionalaccesstotask-relevantinformationcanaffectperformanceontestsdesignedtomeasureprocessingspeed.DistractionandSpeed27DistractionandProc
5、essingSpeedTheideathat“fasterisbetter”ispowerfulincars,computing,andcognitivepsychology.Groupdifferences,especiallyagedifferences,areoftenascribedtothebetter-performinggroup’sfasterprocessing.Wereporttwostudiesthatassessedthecontributionofanattentional-perceptualvariable,vi
6、sualdistraction,indeterminingagedifferencesinclassicspeedtasks.Manystandardspeedtestsuseitemsthatareindividuallysimple,butfitmanysuchitemsontoasinglepage,resultinginacluttered,potentiallydistractingdisplay.Manygroupsthoughttohavedeficitsinprocessingspeedalsohavedifficulties
7、regulatingattention,andthusmightbeespeciallyvulnerabletodistraction.Thesegroupsincludechildren,olderadults,poorreaders,andyoungadultswhoscorelesswellonintelligencetests(e.g.,Casey,Giedd&Thomas,2000;Dempster&Corkill,1999,Engle,Tuholski,Laughlin,&Conway;1999;Fry&Hale,1996;Ger
8、nsbacher&Faust,1991;Hasher&Zacks,1988;Kail,1993;Salthouse1996a,1996b).Ourinteresti
