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1、CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION(高叔叔說這章要考50分，所以東西有點多~)1.Linguistics1.1Definition:linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Threekeywords:?Language:precededbythezeroarticleimpliesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral.?Study:investigateexamineresearch?S
2、cientific:observation→generalization→hypothesesformation→datacollection→hypothesestesting→theoryformulationHowtomakeastudy"scientific"?1)Exhaustiveness:gatherallthematerialsrelevanttoone'sinvestigationandgivethemanadequateexplanation.2)Consistency:makenocontradict
3、ionbetweenpartsofthetotalstatement3)Economy:otherthingsbeingequal,simplershorteranalysisisbetter.4)Objectivity:beasobjectiveaspossibleindescribingandanalyzingthedata,allowingnoprejudicetoinfluenceone’sgeneralization.1.2thescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics:thest
4、udyoflanguageasawhole.Thisdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptionsmodelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy,incontrasttobranchesofstudywhichrelatelinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas.Generallinguisticscanbefurtherdividedintotheoreticallinguistics(micro
5、-linguistics)andapplicationoflinguistics(macro-linguistics).1.2.1Theoreticallinguistics:1)Phnetics:thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.2)Phonology:studieshowsoundsar
6、eputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningsincommunication.3)Morphology:studyofthewayinwhichthesmallestmeaningfulcomponentscalledmorphemearearrangedtoformwords.4)Syntax[‘sint?ks]:studiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences5)Semantics[si’m?ntiks]:thestudyofm
7、eaninginisolation,staticallyoutofcontext.1.2.2Applicationoflinguistics(2-8了解即可)1)Pragmatics:thedynamicstudyofmeaningincontext.2)Appliedlinguistics:applicationoflinguisticstheories,principles,methodsandresearchfindingstoanylanguageconnectedareas(broadsense),tolangu
8、ageteachingesptotheteachingofforeignorsecondlanguage(narrowsense)Itincludeslanguageacquisition,languagetesting,languageevaluation.3)Sociolinguistics:the
